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21.
Jenny Stewart 《政策研究评论》2006,23(1):183-195
The analysis of policy change has produced a number of contrasting theoretical approaches, each offering a lens through which to view policy phenomena. This article suggests that the existing menu of approaches for understanding change can be usefully complemented by an understanding of the role played by value conflict. Using institutionalist analysis, I argue that the need to make value‐choices in a nondisruptive way shapes large areas of government activity, particularly in Westminster systems, and explains many observed patterns of stability and change. Building on work by Thacher and Rein, I describe and characterize six types of response to value conflict, giving examples of the role and implications of each. It is not claimed that all policy change can be understood in this way—simply that some types of change reflect the value‐based nature of public policy itself, and the fact that political and bureaucratic systems must evolve mechanisms for dealing simultaneously with thousands of competing and conflicting policy values. 相似文献
22.
Privately sold bond insurance is the most common form of credit enhancement for municipal bonds. Research generally finds that bond insurance reduces interest costs for lower rated, long–term debt issues. Researchers have concluded that these results are consistent with presumed investor risk aversion, as well as more "rational" risk management behaviors, and with theories concerning the efficiency–enhancing properties of financial intermediation in imperfect markets. We propose a research agenda based both on traditional theories and on additional hypotheses that seek to account for the observed use of bond insurance where net savings would not normally be predicted. 相似文献
23.
This article focuses on the Progressive Conservative (PC) partyof Canada and contrasts the orientations of four different setsof PC party workers: those who are active in the provincialarena in Nova Scotia and in Alberta, as well as those who areactive in the national arena from the same two provinces. Thedata reveal that federalism has had a disaggregative effecton Canadian political party ideology. Not only is the cleavagebetween activists in different orders of government consistentlylarge; it also generally exceeds that which exists between activistsin different provinces. 相似文献
24.
This study explored the impact of victim and perpetrator alcohol consumption on police officers' evaluations of an alleged sexual assault and their reported likelihood of charging the perpetrator. Two hundred and twelve police officers were presented with a vignette depicting an acquaintance rape in which the beverage consumption (beer, cola) of both the victim and perpetrator was systematically varied. Results indicated that the officers' perceptions of the complainant's intoxication level, as well as the gender of the officer, influenced officers' evaluations of the alleged sexual assault. The more intoxicated the complainant was perceived to be, the more negatively she was viewed. Female police officers evaluated the victim more favorably than male officers. The only factors related to the officers' likelihood of charging the perpetrator, however, involved their assessment of the complainant's credibility and their perception of the likelihood that the perpetrator would be found guilty in a court of law. 相似文献
25.
In 1984, comparable worth came to occupy center stage amongstate and local political systems as the civil rights causeof the 1980s. Advocates of comparable worth came to see stateand local governments as being more receptive to consideringpolicy initiatives in this area than was the federal government.This article documents comparable worth events culminating in1984, describes the expansion of state and local action in thisarea, and considers the implications of these developments forthe federal system. A conceptual framework for examining theissue of comparable worth is also presented. 相似文献
26.
Student peer aggression has become an issue of considerable concern in schools and their surrounding communities. While a considerable volume of research and writing now exists on how this problem might be best managed, little has been written concerning the place of law in the management process. Nonetheless, in view of the long term effects of student peer aggression on both aggressors and aggressed, it behoves school administrators and teachers to have a sound awareness of the many issues associated with this form of behaviour. In particular it is advisable for staff to have a sound appreciation of the potential legal repercussions that can be the result of a failure to exercise an appropriate level of the duty of care owed to students in relation to peer aggression. This article examines recent research into student peer aggression in Australia and elsewhere. Reasons advanced to explain this form of behaviour are discussed, the characteristics of aggressors and aggressed examined, and consequences of student peer aggression explored. The legal remedies available are identified and discussed and measures needed to manage the problem are suggested. 相似文献
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29.
Anna Stewart Hennessey Hayes Michael Livingston Gerard Palk 《Journal of Experimental Criminology》2008,4(4):357-380
Restorative justice conferencing for young offenders is firmly established in Australian juvenile justice, and legislated
conferencing schemes are operating in all Australian states and territories. While there is some variation in the terms used
to describe restorative justice conferences (e.g., family group conferencing, family conferencing, or youth justice conferencing),
there is much more consistency in how the conferencing process is managed across Australian jurisdictions. In Queensland youth
justice conferencing is a process that brings together an offender, the victim and their supporters to discuss the harm caused
by the offending behaviour and provide the young person with an opportunity to take responsibility for his or her behaviour
and make amends. This paper begins by briefly sketching the development of restorative justice conferencing in Queensland
and describes the Juvenile Justice Simulation Model (JJSM), a micro-simulation model developed for criminal justice policy
analysis in Queensland, Australia. We use this micro-simulation model to conduct an experimental exploration of the effects
that youth justice conferencing has on system-wide outcomes for indigenous young people. The model simulates the impact of
interventions up until 2011 on the number of finalised youth justice court appearances. Our results indicate that youth justice
conferencing is unlikely to reduce the over-representation of indigenous young people in the juvenile justice system. The
simulations demonstrated that, by the 2011, youth justice conferencing would result in a 12.5% decrease in finalised court
appearances. Unfortunately, this decrease was more apparent for non-indigenous young people (13.7% decrease in court appearances)
than for indigenous young people, who had a 10.5% decrease in court appearances. This differential impact of conferencing
is due to the different court appearance profiles between indigenous and non-indigenous young offenders, with indigenous young
people initiating offending at an earlier age and offending more frequently than non-indigenous young offenders. 相似文献
30.
W F McCormick J H Stewart H Greene 《The American journal of forensic medicine and pathology》1991,12(2):175-181
Measurement of clavicular length and circumference, and computation of clavicular robustness and length-circumference product from 724 autopsied adults of known age, sex, and body length between the ages of 15 and 96 years produced useful sex-predictive values. This predominantly North American white population contained 560 males and 164 females with intact, nondeformed clavicles. Clavicle length and circumference and particularly their product have been found useful in sexing, but robustness as a single trait has not. Despite a significant overlap of male and female values, the use of single cutoff values allowed correct sex assignment of up to 93% of the entire study population, including 94% of males and 89% of females. The ratios of body length to clavicle circumference and to clavicle length are on average greater in women than in men. The former ratio yields male predictive values greater than 95% for those individuals with ratios falling below the cutoff value of 43, whereas the latter ratio is a relatively poor sex predictor. 相似文献