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481.
Critical Criminology - This article revisits the concept of relative deprivation and asks whether it is still useful for criminology. The article traces the way relative deprivation has been used... 相似文献
482.
Craig J. Forsyth Gary Asmus Holly Howat Lai K. Pei York A. Forsyth Billy R. Stokes 《Criminal Justice Studies》2014,27(2):149-158
This paper examines the suspensions and expulsions of students. Using individual student pupil (rather than incident) data, this research examines whether these rates are driven by a few high-volume offenders and whether high-volume offenders become felons. This study uses the number of students at three levels of violations: 0 offenses, 1–3 offenses, and four or more offenses. The authors also examined the relationship between the three groups of violators and committing a felony as a juvenile. The number of offenses per student ranged from 0 to 31. Findings indicated that those with 0 school infractions had no felonies, while the other two groups of violators 1–3 and four or more had a similar numbers of felonies. Implications for developmental models of delinquency are discussed. 相似文献
483.
484.
The fiscal landscape continues to challenge public and nonprofit managers. Against this backdrop, public and nonprofit managers look for new strategies to address the challenges associated with limited resources. Resource dependence theory provides valuable guidance for managers who want to understand the considerations and consequences relevant to different types of interorganizational partnering. In this article, the theory's core ideas are described, along with three common strategies or tactics that organizations use to obtain critical resources from the environment: merging, forming alliances, and co‐opting. For each strategy, the authors derive a set of practical lessons for busy public and nonprofit managers. 相似文献
485.
This article examines the nature of racial bias in the death sentencing process. After reviewing the various general explanations for the continued significance of race in capital cases, we report the results of an empirical study in which some aspects of racially biased death sentencing are examined in depth. Specifically, in a simulated capital penalty‐phase trial setting where participants were assigned to small group “juries” and given an opportunity to deliberate, white male jurors were significantly more likely to sentence black defendants to death than were women and nonwhite jurors. This racialized pattern was explained in part by the differential evaluation of the case facts and the perceptions of the defendant that were made by the white male jurors. We discuss these findings in light of social psychological theories of contemporary racism, and we conclude that the demonstrated bias in capital jury settings should be understood as an interaction of several factors, including individual juror characteristics, group‐level demographic composition, and group deliberation processes. 相似文献
486.
Hawkins MT Letcher P Sanson A O'Connor M Toumbourou JW Olsson C 《Journal of youth and adolescence》2011,40(11):1436-1452
Calls have been made for a greater focus on successful development and how positive functioning can be conceptualized in theory
and empirical research. Drawing on a large Australian community sample (N = 890; 61.7% female), this article examines the structure and stability of positive development at two time points during
young adulthood. Previously, we developed and empirically tested a model of positive development at 19–20 years comprised
of five first-order constructs (civic action and engagement, trust and tolerance of others, trust in authorities and organisations,
social competence, and life satisfaction) and a second-order positive development construct. In the current study, we replicated
this model at 23–24 years and found that it was again a good fit for the data, and was equally applicable for young men and
women. Hence, positive development can be conceptualized according to five important dimensions at both ages. While variable-oriented
tests suggested continuity in levels of positive development, person-oriented analyses revealed four distinct patterns of
positive development over time—two reflecting stability (stable high [34.5%] and stable very low [11.6%]) and two characterized
by change (low/average increasing [30.4%] and average decreasing [23.5%]). There were significant differences in the gender
composition of these groups, with young women overrepresented in the more favourable groups. Thus, despite mean level stability,
positive development is characterized by change for many young people, suggesting the importance of identifying factors that
support young people’s capacity for positive functioning over this transitional period. The current findings contribute to
our understanding of the nature and course of positive development over this important period. 相似文献
487.
Early studies of organizational red tape emphasized that worker perceptions of organizational rules and procedures are dependent on workers’ frames of reference. However, most prior studies do not account sufficiently for how and why these reference points vary across employees, even if they work within the same or similar organizational contexts. While the effects of contemporaneous employee attitudes on perceptions of red tape have been considered in prior analyses, how do perceptions of organizational rules and procedures as red tape relate to workers’ prior career trajectories and occupational contexts? Variable norms and expectations across organizations as well as across the public and private sectors may produce different attitudes toward rules and procedures. Of equal import, current occupational characteristics are relatively unexamined in studies of worker perceptions of red tape. Using a survey of state level public managers, this paper examines how employees’ perceptions of red tape are mediated by their prior career trajectories and experiences, as well as by their occupational context. Implications for theory and practice are discussed. 相似文献
488.
Assessing Psychopathic Traits and Criminal Behavior in a Young Adult Female Community Sample Using the Self‐Report Psychopathy Scale 下载免费PDF全文
Frédéric Declercq Ph.D. Rachel Carter B.S. Craig S. Neumann Ph.D. 《Journal of forensic sciences》2015,60(4):928-935
This study assessed psychopathic traits in a nonforensic female population (N = 343). Respondents completed the Self‐Report Psychopathy Scale‐4: Short Form (SRP‐SF) and also reported on their Criminal Behavior. The results revealed relatively higher scale elevations for the Interpersonal and Lifestyle SRP‐SF facets, compared to the Affective and Antisocial facets. Also, those with a history of Criminal Behavior had significantly higher SRP‐SF facet scores on all four psychopathy domains, compared to those without such history. Consistent with a number of previous studies, the structural equation modeling results revealed good fit for the four‐factor SRP‐SF model. In addition, a super‐ordinate SRP‐SF factor, which accounted for the majority variance of all four SRP‐SF first‐order factors, also accounted for 50% of the variance in a latent Criminal Behavior factor. Taken together, findings support use of the SRP‐SF to assess psychopathic features in a moderately large sample of Belgium women. 相似文献