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631.
Do Authoritarian Institutions Constrain? How Legislatures Affect Economic Growth and Investment 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Joseph Wright 《American journal of political science》2008,52(2):322-343
This article explores why authoritarian regimes create legislatures and then assesses their effect on economic growth and investment. In authoritarian regimes more dependent on domestic investment than natural resource revenue, the dictator creates a binding legislature as a credible constraint on the regime's confiscatory behavior. In regimes dependent on natural resource revenue, the nonbinding legislature serves as a mechanism for the dictator to bribe and split the opposition when he faces credible challenges to the regime. Using data from 121 authoritarian regimes from 1950 to 2002, the results indicate that binding legislatures have a positive impact on economic growth and domestic investment, while nonbinding legislatures have a negative impact on economic growth. 相似文献
632.
633.
Organising development: Comparing the national systems of entrepreneurship in Sweden and South Korea
The dominant paradigms of economic development have created an artificial institutional division between spontaneous markets and instrumental states. Opposing policy agendas have evolved and remain entrenched. This article seeks to challenge both approaches by reconsidering the role of entrepreneurship in economic development. Adopting an evolutionary perspective, it argues that a national system of entrepreneurship provides an appropriate framework for combining the creative and destructive processes inherent in entrepreneurship with the institutional diversity characteristic of successful economic development. The article illustrates this argument by comparing the development experiences of Sweden and South Korea. 相似文献
634.
Dominic A. S. Pearson Cynthia McDougall Mona Kanaan Roger A. Bowles David J. Torgerson 《Journal of Experimental Criminology》2011,7(1):73-102
‘Citizenship’ is a structured probation supervision program based on ‘what works’ principles, designed for offenders on community
orders or licenses supervised within the UK National Probation Service. The program was evaluated using survival analysis
comparing the reconvictions of a cohort of all offenders in one probation area eligible for Citizenship over a 2-year period
(n = 3,819) with those of a retrospective cohort of all eligible offenders in the same probation area receiving ‘traditional’
probation supervision (n = 2,110), controlling for risk related factors. At the 2-year stage, 50% of offenders in the comparison group had reoffended
compared to 41% in the experimental group, and the difference between the survival curves was statistically significant. The
hazard ratio was 0.69, which represents a 31% reduction in reconvictions in the experimental group over the proportion in
the comparison group at any given time. Time to violation of a supervision order or post custody license was also statistically
significantly longer in the experimental group. A key element of the program, promoting contact with community support agencies,
was statistically significantly related to reduced reoffending in the Citizenship group. The overall effects remained after
controlling for differences in risk scores although effectiveness varied by risk level. Contrary to other ‘what works’ research
findings, the program was found to be most effective across the low–medium and medium–high risk thresholds, and was not effective
with the highest risk group. This difference can be explained and is discussed in terms of risk, need, and responsivity principles.
The Citizenship program was found to be cost-beneficial. 相似文献
635.
Purpose
Several studies have observed a relationship between academic achievement and externalizing behaviors, both of which are predictors of delinquency and criminal behavior in adulthood. There is, however, no consensus on an explanation for their co-occurrence. One perspective is that both emerge as a result of a common underlying factor. This study investigates the degree to which the same genetic and environmental factors account for the co-occurrence of these two outcomes.Methods
The sample consists of twins (N = 360) from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Survey-Kindergarten Class of 1998-1999. Bivariate genetic analyses were conducted to assess the genetic and environmental influence on the relationship between academic achievement and externalizing behaviors during kindergarten.Results
The covariation was due primarily to common shared environmental factors (55-87%), followed by common genetic (8-44%) and nonshared environmental factors (1-13%).Conclusions
Both early academic achievement and externalizing behaviors are partially influenced by the same genetic and environmental factors. The large proportion of covariance attributed to shared environmental influences suggests that identifying and targeting shared environmental factors in prevention and intervention strategies may improve both behavior and academic achievement. 相似文献636.
637.
José L. Barbero José C. Casillas Mike Wright Alicia Ramos Garcia 《The Journal of Technology Transfer》2014,39(2):151-168
Incubators are heterogeneous but there is a lack of understanding of the variety of innovation involved. We use four archetypes of incubator discussed in the literature (basic research, university, economic development and private incubator) and analyze their generation of different types of innovation (product, technological process and organizational innovation) during a 4 years period (2005–2008). In a sample of 80 incubators, we find that incubatees in some types of incubators are more prone to generate product and technological process innovations than those hosted in other types. 相似文献
638.
The use of license plate recognition technology (LPR) by police is becoming increasingly common. LPR may be used for many purposes, ranging from stolen vehicle enforcement to more complex surveillance and predictive functions. Existing research does not examine community support for this technology, despite its potential to impact police legitimacy. Results from the first community LPR survey are presented and multinomial logistic regression models of citizen support for the technology are developed. Regression results suggest that a number of factors significantly predict citizen support for LPR use, including increased trust in police and the belief that LPR information is public information. 相似文献
639.
David Farabee Sheldon X. Zhang Benjamin Wright 《Journal of Experimental Criminology》2014,10(3):309-322
Objectives
The need for re-entry assistance is widely acknowledged, but specifics about what services actually lead to reduced recidivism are hard to find—at least among rigorous studies. This is a critical issue: at a time when there appears to be unprecedented support for expanding rehabilitative programs for offenders, there is a dearth of rigorously vetted program options from which to choose.Methods
Collaborating with a nationally known employment-focused reentry program in Southern California, the authors compared employment, housing, and recidivism outcomes of reentering offenders (n?=?217) who were either randomized into the program or simply provided with a list of community resources. This approach was possible because the number of applicants at the time exceeded program capacity. Outcomes were based on self-report interviews conducted 1-year post-randomization and arrest records reflecting a 2-year follow-up period. The follow-up rate for interviews was 87 %.Results
No significant differences were found for any of the between-group comparisons on any of the major intervention outcomes.Conclusions
Findings from the study suggest a greater need to apply randomized designs to more carefully evaluate current reentry efforts. Methodological challenges of field experiments are also discussed. 相似文献640.
This paper describes surveillance impact assessment (SIA), a methodology for identifying, assessing and resolving risks, in consultation with stakeholders, posed by the development of surveillance systems. This paper appears to be the first such to elaborate an SIA methodology. It argues that the process of conducting an SIA should be similar to that of a privacy impact assessment (PIA), but that an SIA must take account of a wider range of issues, impacts and stakeholders. The paper categorises the issues and impacts to be considered in the conduct of an SIA and identifies the benefits of a properly conducted SIA. 相似文献