协商民主在预算审议中的应用:立宪主义的视角

晚近西方理论界针对代议民主面临的政治复杂性的挑战提出协商民主理论,认为要保证人民主权,就应当让公民对立法和决策进行公开协商辩论,赋予立法决策以合法性。协商民主的宪政价值主要体现在:促进立法决策的正当合法性、控制和监督国家权力、建构和谐的公民国家关系模式、培养公民政治自主性与责任意识。现代国家的宪政实践表明,预算不仅是公共财政的重要内容与运行规则,而且是纳税人及其代议机构控制国家财政的基本途径。在预算审议中借鉴协商民主理念,推行公民直接参与预算,成为现代国家实现预算民主的有益尝试。结合立宪主义原理,完善预算审议中的协商机制,应当扩大公民有序参与,健全公民参与预算的法律体系,落实预算信息公开,建构协商程序机制以保障公民参与。     

迈向理性的侦查——评《和谐侦查——侦查的冲突与嬗变》

侦查理性化是人类社会的共同追求,和谐侦查正是侦查理性化的最佳注脚。《和谐侦查——侦查的冲突与嬗变》论及：侦查的理性化依赖于侦查的内在品质和运行条件,二者相辅相成。其内在品质包括侦查动态性、侦查冲突性、侦查语言和侦查拟像,总体而言则是侦查客观化。侦查理性化的运行条件则是人们的普遍诉求,是科学技术发展的应然结果,也需要法治理念的不断发展与完善。     

论民事证据排除程序的结构

证据排除程序的结构,是指排除程序中各方主体之间的法律地位和法律关系。本文以证据排除程序是否独立于证明力评价程序及本案诉讼程序为线索,对两大法系证据排除程序的具体阶段构造进行了考察。按照当事人权利与法院权力的关系,可以将证据排除程序的横向结构分为行政程序结构、非讼结构与诉讼结构。这三种结构的正当性依次增强而效率性依次减弱,需要根据具体情况进行设置。     

社会变迁与欧洲福利国家的结构性危机

自上世纪70年代中后期以来,伴随着第三次科技革命和经济全球化,欧洲福利国家出现了严峻的结构性危机.文章认为,欧洲福利国家制度是基于工业化阶段的社会结构和需求而设计的一种福利制度模式,从工业社会到信息社会的整体结构性变迁是当前欧洲福利国家危机的直接动因.在此基础上,文章进一步探讨当前改革需要解决的突出问题,并对福利国家的未来走向作出预测.     

论宽严相济刑事政策与人身危险性

人身危险性是刑事实证学派的理论核心。人身危险性理论重视行为人的人身危险性在犯罪及其处罚中的作用，与宽严相济刑事政策有着天然而密切的联系，体现人身危险性的各种法定情节和酌定情节在定罪、量刑及行刑中得到充分、合理的运用，有利于宽严相济刑事政策的贯彻落实。人身危险性成为定罪的根据，有助于调和定罪过于僵硬的问题。基于人身危险性的刑罚个别化可以使刑罚裁量有效合理，起到特殊预防的作用。相对于定罪和量刑，人身危险性在行刑中不但是对犯罪人施以何种处遇的依据，而且还能对原判刑罚进行修正，使之更有利于犯罪人的改造。     

金融危机背景下企业应收账款的法律风险控制

蔓延全球的金融危机产生的巨大影响，极易使企业的资金链发生断裂，造成企业的应收账款面临极大的法律风险。应收账款的增加直接危害企业的生存与发展。在金融危机的背景下．应从交易对象选择及对整个过程进行事前、事中、事后的系统的法律风险控制。     

Procedural justice during police-citizen encounters: The effects of process-based policing on citizen compliance and demeanor

Purpose

Theories of procedural justice have facilitated the development of a process-based approach to policing which emphasizes the fairness of the manner in which the police exercise their discretion. The study examines whether procedurally fair behavior by the police affects two types of citizen behavior during encounters: citizen disrespect toward the police and citizen noncompliance with police requests.

Methods

This study uses data from systematic social observations of police-citizen encounters to examine procedural justice factors on citizen behavior. Because of the reciprocal nature of police-citizen interactions, an instrumental variable is used in the statistical analysis to help address the causal relationship between police force and citizen disrespect.

Results

The statistical analyses find limited support for procedural justice factors. Two types of procedurally fair behavior by the police, police demeanor and their consideration of citizen voice, are significant in reducing citizen disrespect and noncompliance, respectively.

Conclusion

Procedural justice factors have limited and inconsistent impacts on the two types of citizen behavior, and future research should address the limitations of this study and evaluate process-based policing with more data from social observations of police-citizen encounters.     

The Dissemination of Criminological and Criminal Justice Knowledge and Practice: A Profile of People's Republic of China Scholars Who Earn Doctorates in the United States

Policies and practices in countries do not exist in a vacuum. There are many sources of ideas for change. One of the most important is exposure to foreign ideas through international scholarly exchange. This article briefly reviews the history and causes that have contributed to this process with scholars from the People??s Republic of China who have chosen to obtain doctorates in the United States and study Criminology and/or Criminal Justice. In particular, over the past two decades, close to two dozen scholars have come to the United States to earn masters and PhD degrees in the fields of Criminology/Criminal Justice or related fields. This article uses a survey methodology to understand this complex process.     

荫风轮总苷毒理学实验研究

目的:观察荫风轮总苷的急性和慢性毒性反应。方法:荫风轮总在灌胃测定小鼠最大给药量,观察7d内动物的死亡情况;大鼠分为对照组,荫风轮总苷高、中、低剂量组(940,470,235mg·kg-1/d),连续灌胃4周及停药2周。结果:荫风轮总苷的小鼠的最大给药量为8.0g·kg-1/d,相当于临床成人试用量的476.19倍。荫风轮总苷高、中、低剂量组,均可明显缩短凝血时间,高、中剂量组升高总蛋白(TP)、白蛋白(ALB)作用与对照组差异有显著性,高剂量组可明显降低血胆固醇(TC)水平;动物一般状况、其他血液和血液生化指标、脏器系数、病理解剖观察均未见明显异常;停药2周后各指标与对照组相比,差异均无显著性。结论:荫风轮总苷未见有明显毒性反应及延时毒性,表明其安全性较高。     

信息技术发展与隐私权保护问题初探

隐私道德基础的关键是控制自己信息的权利,而恰恰是这种权利在数字技术进步的过程中处于最危险的境地。面对数字化带来的诸多问题,也许将来我们能找到更加聪明的技术方案来解决保护个人隐私的问题,但技术带来的诸多问题并非技术本身都能解决的,由此产生的对现行法律制度和人类固有价值的冲击,必须有相当的法律规范加以解决。