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951.
952.
David C. Mowery 《The Journal of Technology Transfer》2011,36(6):697-711
A substantial literature on nanotechnology innovation and commercial development has characterized several elements of these
phenomena as constituting new developments in the US national innovation system. Among these elements are the (asserted) “post-academic”
nature of US universities’ involvement with nanotechnology R&D, and federal funding of nanotechnology R&D on goals related
to economic competitiveness. This paper challenges the “novelty” of these elements, while suggesting that other elements of
nanotechnology R&D, including the extensive patenting of the results of nanotechnology-related research and the emphasis within
many university-industry collaborations on patent-based channels for “technology transfer,” may indeed be new and raise questions
for the long-term efficiency and innovative performance of nanotechnology-related R&D. 相似文献
953.
David Servino Douglas B. Smith Robert D. Porter Matthew D. Brown 《Journal of family violence》2011,26(6):431-438
Intimate partner violence continues to be prevalent, resulting in negative consequences for the individuals involved and for
society as a whole. Perceptions of safety in relationships where intimate partner violence is present is an understudied topic
in the literature. The Safety Assessment of Future Events Scale (SAFE) was developed to assess respondents’ perceptions of
safety in their intimate relationship. The purpose of this study was to examine whether group differences existed on respondents’
SAFE scores. 428 participants from community and clinic samples completed the SAFE and other measures contained in a southwest
university’s marriage and family therapy clinic intake packet. ANCOVA was used to control for gender and setting in determining
if group differences existed on the SAFE based on measures assessing interpersonal violence, relational adjustment, intrapersonal
symptoms, and PTSD symptoms. Results indicated group differences based on gender, interpersonal violence victimization, and
relational adjustment. 相似文献
954.
David R. Sabatelle 《Trends in Organized Crime》2011,14(4):314-331
This study seeks to provide an overview of drug trafficking in Iran, particularly as it relates to the Iran–Afghan and Iran–Pakistan
border regions. Data were obtained from a systematic review of the academic literature and from open sources, including media
reports and official documents. The Iranian government is credited with dedicating substantial resources to combating the
drug trafficking. Despite these efforts, Iran continues to be the most significant transit country for opium and heroin from
Afghanistan. Several factors are identified that help to explain why Iran, despite its efforts, continues to play a central
role in the international drug trade. 相似文献
955.
David M. Shumaker Christopher Miller Carolyn Ortiz Robin Deutsch 《Family Court Review》2011,49(1):46-58
Attachment theory is increasingly being considered when contemplating post‐divorce parenting plans. Historically, there has been a strong emphasis on assessing the strength of the parent‐child bond as well as a child's attachment style. Surprisingly little research has focused on sibling bonds and the implications for post‐divorce parenting plans. This article provides an overview of sibling attachment theory, sibling attachment considerations in foster care decisions, and the limited research examining sibling attachment in divorce and parenting schedules. Several key questions are offered for mental health and legal professionals to consider when factoring sibling relations into post‐separation parenting plans. 相似文献
956.
957.
Karen L. Amendola David Weisburd Edwin E. Hamilton Greg Jones Meghan Slipka 《Journal of Experimental Criminology》2011,7(4):407-442
Objectives
The objectives of this research were to test the impacts of three shift lengths (8-, 10-, and 12-hour) on performance, health, safety, quality of life, sleep, fatigue, alertness, off-duty employment, and overtime among police. 相似文献958.
This paper proposes a retributive argument against punishment, where punishment is understood as going beyond condemnation
or censure, and requiring hard treatment. The argument sets out to show that punishment cannot be justified. The argument
does not target any particular attempts to justify punishment, retributive or otherwise. Clearly, however, if it succeeds,
all such attempts fail. No argument for punishment is immune from the argument against punishment proposed here. The argument does not purport to be an argument only against retributive justifications of punishment,
and so leave open the possibility of a sound non-retributive justification of punishment. Punishment cannot be justified,
the paper argues, because it cannot be demonstrated that any punishment, no matter how minimal, is not a disproportionate
retributive response to criminal wrongdoing. If we are to hold onto proportionality—that is, proportionality as setting a
limit to morally permissible punishment—then punishment is morally impermissible. The argument is a retributive argument against
punishment insofar as a just retributive response to wrongdoing must be proportionate to the wrongdoing. The argument, that
is, is concerned with proportionality as a retributive requirement. The argument against punishment is set out on the basis
of a familiar version of the ‘anchoring problem’, according to which it is the problem of determining the most severe punishment
to anchor or ground the punishment scale. To meet the possible criticism that we have chosen a version of the anchoring problem
particularly favourable to our argument, various alternative statements of the anchoring problem are considered. Considering
such statements also provides a more rounded view of the anchoring problem. One such alternative holds that the punishment
scale must be anchored not just in the most severe punishment, but in the least severe punishment as well. Other alternatives
hold that it is necessary and sufficient to anchor the punishment scale in any two punishments, neither of which needs to
be the most or least severe punishment. A further suggestion is that one anchoring point anywhere along the punishment scale
is sufficient, because it is possible to ‘project’ from such a point, so as to determine the correlative punishments for all
other crimes, and so derive a complete punishment scale. Finally, the suggestion is considered that one can approach the issue
of a punishment scale ‘holistically’, denying any distinction between anchoring and derived (or ‘projected’) punishments. 相似文献
959.
Fewer Social Security Disability Insurance (DI) beneficiaries have their earnings suspended or terminated because of work than those who are actually working, partly because beneficiaries "park" earnings at a level below substantial gainful activity (SGA) to retain benefits. We assess the extent of parking by exploiting the 1999 change in the SGA earnings level from $500 to $700 monthly for nonblind beneficiaries using a difference-indifference analysis that compares two annual cohorts of beneficiaries who completed their trial work period, one that was affected by the SGA change and one that was not. Our impact estimates, along with results from other sources, suggest that from 0.2 to 0.4 percent of all DI beneficiaries were parked below the SGA level in the typical month from 2002 through 2006. The SGA change did not yield any difference in mean earnings, although it did result in a small reduction in months spent off of the rolls because of work. 相似文献
960.
We use linked administrative data from program and earnings records to summarize the 2007 employment rates of Social Security disability program beneficiaries at the national and state levels, as well as changes in employment since 1996. The findings provide new information on the employment activities of beneficiaries that should be useful in assessing current agency policies and providing benchmarks for ongoing demonstration projects and future return-to-work initiatives. The overall employment rate--which we define as annual earnings over $1,000--was 12 percent in 2007. Substantial variation exists within the population. Disability Insurance beneficiaries and those younger than age 40 were much more likely to work relative to other Social Security beneficiaries. Additionally, substantial regional variation exists across states; employment rates ranged from 7 percent (West Virginia) to 23 percent (North Dakota). Moreover, we find that the employment rates among beneficiaries were sensitive to the business cycle and persistent over time. 相似文献