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941.
Gordon Frederick M. Welch Kathryn R. Offringa Gregory Katz Nancy 《Social Justice Research》2000,13(3):237-269
Previous research on cooperative and competitive reward systems has investigated the relation between extreme cooperative and competitive conditions, along with an intermediate noninterdependent neutral condition, to numerous outcome variables. This study added two additional conditions to these three usual conditions, between the neutral midpoint and the cooperative or competitive extremes, to see if these intermediate conditions might be distinctive in the outcomes they produced. The study used 240 participants, divided into groups of three that played a board game under these five different reward conditions. Participants' attitudes toward self, others, and task were then assessed and analyzed along with objective measures of performance, measures of self-esteem, state and trait anxiety, and results coded from an autobiographical report in game-defined roles. Results indicated that the intermediate cooperative condition was distinctively different from the extreme cooperative condition in predicted ways, and that the intermediate competitive condition was distinctively different from the extreme competitive condition, but in unpredicted ways. The research also demonstrated that an individualistic condition, which had previously been thought to produce neither a cooperative nor competitive social orientation, in fact produced both, raising questions as to whether reward interdependence, as researchers have defined it, is really the cause of cooperation and competition. 相似文献
942.
Richard S. Katz 《European Journal of Political Research》2001,40(3-4):447-457
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947.
Ronald D. Brunner 《Policy Sciences》2010,43(4):301-341
This article expands research on adaptive governance in natural resource and climate change policy into other policy areas
and the larger context of reform. The purpose is to clarify adaptive governance as a reform strategy, one that builds on experience
in a variety of emergent responses to the growing failures of scientific management, the established pattern of governance.
Emergent responses in information technology, national security, development aid, and health care policy are reviewed here.
In these cases, factoring a large national or international problem into many smaller problems, each more tractable scientifically
and politically, opened additional opportunities for advancing common interests on the ground. The opportunities include simplification
of research through intensive inquiry, participation in policy decisions by otherwise neglected groups, and selecting what
works on the basis of practical experience rather than theory. What works can be improved incrementally in the context at
hand, diffused through networks for voluntary adaptation elsewhere, and used to inform higher-level decisions from the bottom
up. Adaptive governance is a promising strategy of reform. The open question is whether it will be used well enough to sustain
a once-progressive evolution toward fuller realization of human dignity for all. 相似文献
948.
This article examines the relationship between foreign direct investment and host countries’ contracting institutions, the
rule systems which govern commercial transactions between private actors. Given their liability of foreignness and costly
exit options, we suggest that multinational corporations have incentives to influence the formal contracting environment in
host countries. Further, host governments are more likely to respond to multinationals’ wishes when they are more dependent
on foreign capital markets. We draw on the World Bank’s Lex Mundi dataset (Djankov et al. 2003) on micro-level contracting environment for private actors. Our analysis of a cross section of 98 developing countries suggests
that FDI is associated with lower contract enforcement costs, particularly when the host country is more indebted. 相似文献
949.
Arthur A. Berger 《Society》2010,47(1):6-10
This paper argues that it is impossible to know why we laugh. There are a number of theories that attempt to explain why we
laugh but they all have limitations. It is possible, however, to know what makes us laugh and 45 techniques that inform humor
are listed and used to analyze a number of humorous texts. These techniques can also be used to study the humor of different
nations to determine which they favor and which they neglect, thus offering insights into national character. 相似文献
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