Governing Canada's economic zone

Abstract. This paper looks at some aspects of extended Canadian maritime jurisdiction. It explores the development and acceptance of the concept of the 200-mile economic zone at the United Nations Third Law of the Sea Conference. It considers the relationship between the multilateral negotiations on the 200-mile economic zone, and the 1977 200-mile fishing zone introduced by the Canadian government unilaterally, and concludes that extensive control over resource and non-resource issues will be extended over a 200-mile zone, but in a fragmented and piecemeal fashion. New political relationships and institutions will emerge in the zone of extended coastal jurisdiction. As well, new areas of conflict, both intra-national and international, will emerge. The political problems the Canadian government will face, such as allocating an expanded national fishery between its inshore and offshore sectors, are suggested. Finally, administrative and political structures that could help to ensure the good government of the new zone are described. This might include a House of Commons Standing Committee on Ocean Affairs, to provide an integrated rather than the present fragmented perspective on ocean matters; and provisions to provide representation for environmental and consumer groups as well as for existing special interest groups such as those connected with the oil and fishing industries. Sommaire. Cet article analyse quelques aspects de l'extension de la juridiction maritime du Canada. L'auteur y examine le développement du concept de la zone économique de deux cent milles marins à la Troisième Conférence du droit de la mer des Nations Unies. Il établit la relation entre les négotiations multilatérales de la zone économique de 200 milles et celles de la zone de pěche de 200 milles établie unilatéralement par le gouvernement du Canada en 1977. Il conclut qu'un contrǒle dans le domaine des ressources physiques, comme dans d'autres domaines, sera étendu à une zone dépassant 200 milles mais d'une manière partielle et progressive. De nouvelles relations politiques et institutions seront établies dans la zone soumise à la juridiction étendue. On peut également s'attendre à de nouveaux conflits domestiques et intemationaux. On mentionne des problèmes politiques qui se poseront au gouvernement canadien comme le partage entre les secteurs de pěche cǒtière et de pěche en haut mer. Enfin les structures administratives et politiques qui pourraient assurer un gouvernement efficace dans la nouvelle zone y sont décrites. Elles pourraient inclure une commission pennanente de la Chambre des Communes sur les affaires maritimes qui traiterait des problèmes maritimes dans une perspective intégrée au lieu de le faire, comme aujourd'hui, d'une façon fragmentaire. Il serait aussi nécessaire que soient représentés les groupes d'environementalistes et de consommateurs ainsi que ceux qui s'occupent, à l'heure actuelle, du pétrole et des industries de la pěche.     

The Birth and Growth of the Social Insurance State: Explaining Old Age and Medical Insurance Across Countries

We examine the factors leading to creation and growth ofnational Old-Age Insurance (OAI) and Health Insurance schemes.None of the theories we test fit the data very well. There isweak evidence that the probability of adopting a systemdeclines in a country's wealth and in the ethnic heterogeneityof its population. Catholic countries are more likely tocreate earnings-related OAI systems. The growth of OAIspending since 1960 has varied considerably across countries,with fast growth in countries emerging from dictatorship andnon-English speaking countries. We conclude that socialinsurance can be politically expedient for many differentreasons.     

Behavior Problems in Children Exposed to Wife Abuse: Gender Differences

Family aggression patterns and behavior problems of children, aged 6-12, recruited from shelters for battered women (shelter group) were contrasted with three comparison groups of currently nonviolent families: two-parent, single-mother, and homeless. Girls who had been exposed to recent interparental wife abuse were predicted to show more internalizing and externalizing behavior problems than similarly exposed boys, based on recent literature. Homeless and shelter mothers reported the highest rates of parent-child aggression. Shelter girls obtained significantly higher total, internalizing and externalizing behavior problem ratings than shelter boys, and than two-parent and single-mother girls. Shelter boys obtained significantly higher internalizing ratings than two-parent boys. Shelter and homeless children were rated as having equivalent levels of behaviour problems. Across all groups, mothers' psychological adjustment was a better predictor of daughters' adjustment than that of sons. The study concluded that the assumption that preadolescent girls have greater immunity to psychosocial risk is unfounded.     

From vocational training to education: the development of a no‐frontiers education policy for Europe?

This article focuses on developments towards an EU educational policy. Education was not included as one of the Community competencies in the Treaty of Rome. The first half of the article analyses the way that the European Court of Justice and the Commission of the European Communities between them managed to develop a series of substantial Community programmes out of Article 128 on vocational training. The second half of the article discusses educational developments in the community following the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty of Amsterdam. Whilst the legal competence of the community now includes education, the author's argument is that the inclusion of an educational competence will not result in further developments to mirror those in the years before the Treaty on European Union. If the 1980s were a decade of expansion, the medium‐term future is likely to be one of consolidation.     

The road to economic self‐sufficiency: Job quality and job transition patterns after welfare reform

This paper analyzes the relationships of schooling, the skill content of work experience, and different types of employment patterns with less‐skilled women's job quality outcomes. Survey data from employers and longitudinal data from former and current welfare recipients are used for the period 1997 to early 2002. The analysis of job quality is broadened beyond employment rates and wages measured at a point in time by including non‐wage attributes of compensation and aspects of jobs that affect future earnings potential. This study shows the extent to which lack of employment stability, job skills, and occupation‐specific experience impedes welfare recipients' abilities to obtain a “good job” or to transition into one from a “bad job.” The business cycle downturn has significantly negatively affected the job quality and job transition patterns of former and current recipients. © 2003 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.     

Rapid search and quantitative analysis of gunshot residue particles in the SEM

Automated scanning electron microscopy coupled with image analysis and X-ray micro analysis was used to characterize a variety of gunshot residue (GSR) samples. More than 500 rounds of commercially available ammunition and six different types of hand gulls were used in the study of 17 GSR and 19 reference specimens. The individual particle X-ray composition was determined for 12 different elements. Elemental composition of GSR particles was highly variable but consistent with compounds mixed into or associated with a barium oxide matrix. When present in a specimen, GSR could be adequately characterized with automated procedures in less than an hour by restricting analyses to features larger than 2 microm. In "clean" samples, a higher resolution particle search was required to avoid reporting false negatives. Careful control of the back scattered electron signal strength threshold, by reference to a standard, was needed to ensure both time-efficient and accurate analyses. Samples collected from non-shooting subjects. active in a physical environment which contained firearms discharge residue were seen to be easily contaminated by sub-micron GSR particles.