Acute effects of carbon monoxide and cyanide on hepatic mitochondrial function

The effects of carbon monoxide and cyanide on the hepatic redox state and energy charge were investigated. Rats were used for the experiment under pentobarbital anesthesia. Immediately after laparotomy, a rat was placed in an animal chamber made of a transparent plastic box and exposed to a test gas for 3 min. Every test gas was produced in a gas chamber connected to the animal chamber with a flexible tube. HCN was produced from NaCN and H2SO4. In the CO inhalation experiment, various amounts of CO were introduced into the gas chamber. Immediately after an exposure, about 2 g liver was frozen in situ with a precooled clamp. Oozed blood from the wound surface was sampled. Concentrations of ATP, ADP, AMP, acetoacetate, and beta-hydroxybutyrate in hepatic mitochondria were determined, and the redox state and the energy charge were calculated. For cyanide as well as CO, significant negative correlations were found between the concentration in the blood and the redox state. The same held true for the energy charge. The redox state showed a slight increase at low concentrations of both gases; however, thereafter it began to decrease sharply with increases in concentrations. When concentrations of the toxicant in the blood reached certain levels, a kind of turning point, beyond which the redox state does not decrease any more, was observed. It was about 40% for HbCO and about 2.0 micrograms/ml for cyanide, and the points seemed to be related to the concentrations, beyond which cells are irreversibly damaged. On the other hand, the energy charge did not change at low concentrations. With an increase in toxicant concentrations, the energy charge decreased drastically. The rate of decrease in the energy charge became higher when blood concentrations exceeded certain levels. It was about 40% for HbCO and 2.0 micrograms/ml for cyanide. The presence of low levels of blood cyanide did not affect the relationship between the energy charge and the HbCO concentration.     

学习型政党内源性发展的结构探析

作为国家内源性发展的重要战略选择，学习型政党的建设已经开始从“反应式”发展向“内源式”发展思路转变。在学习型政党内源性发展的复杂系统中，基本结构是其主体，动力结构是其源泉，组织结构是其保障，三种结构相互作用，构成了学习型政党内源发展的大致蓝图。     

Implementing Change in an Urban School District: A Case Study of the Reorganization of the Little Rock School District

In July 2005, the Little Rock, Arkansas, school district implemented a new policy to reorganize its management structure in order to create a more efficient bureaucracy. Using Richard Matland’s ambiguity‐conflict model of policy implementation, the authors examine the implementation of this school reorganization policy. Interviews and surveys were conducted with the superintendent and his executive assistants, school principals, teachers, and staff. In line with Matland’s model, the findings suggest that successful implementation is directly related to the policy characteristics of ambiguity and conflict. However, the authors point to the importance of recognizing particular characteristics for different groups of stakeholders within the policy implementation process. Discrepancies among groups of policy actors in the degree of policy ambiguity and policy conflict lead to strikingly different implementation strategies.     

中外检察机关职权运行关系比较

各国不同层级检察机关之间的职权运行关系可以分为四种类型,国家结构和检察首长任免机制决定和影响了这种关系的具体表现形态。检察首长、部门主管和办案检察官之间的职权运行关系可以分为三种类型,上司领导下属、检察一体是这一关系的共有特征。我国检察机关在职权运行的内部分工协作上还应进一步加强。     

我们凭什么取得商标权——商标权取得模式的中间道路

商标权注册取得模式已成为主流,它取代商标权使用取得模式具有必然性,因为它更利于经营者取得和保护商标权,更符合现代商业发展规律,也更契合商标权的对世权属性.然而,注册取得模式在理论上违背了传统商标理论,在实践中导致"垃圾商标"泛滥成灾,是造成我国商标审查效率低下和商标使用秩序混乱的罪魁祸首.我国<商标法>在第三次修改时,应吸收注册取得和使用取得模式的精髓并避免其缺陷,采取"使用+注册"的商标权取得模式.     

行政法与行政效率关系的辩证思考

行政法以规范行政关系为其内容。在行政法的研究中,行政效率问题是人们理应重视而常常忽视的一个问题。行政法与行政权关系的代表性理论有管理论、控权论、平衡论三种,这些理论从不同侧面反映出行政法的价值目标。行政法同行政效率不是一种相互排斥的关系,而是具有一种正相关的关系。