政府与农村合作医疗制度

政府是农村合作医疗制度的制定者,也是决定新型合作医疗成败的关键因素。在新型合作医疗制度的建设过程中,政府应该吸取以往合作医疗兴衰的经验教训,切实承担起制定政策、筹资、组织、管理、监督等多项重要职能,推动该制度的顺利发展。     

走私犯罪与诱惑侦查

诱惑侦查是当今世界许多国家侦查走私犯罪的重要措施和手段,我国也在不同程度地适用这一有效方法。由于缺乏必要的规范和指导,实践中存在不少问题,影响了其效能的充分发挥,也极易侵害公民的合法权益。鉴此,本文分析了走私犯罪案件运用诱惑侦查的条件,提出了走私犯罪案件诱惑侦查中诱饵的设计方案,以及走私犯罪案件诱惑侦查的策略和方法,以期能对我国当前的缉私实践提供借鉴。     

论人质谈判场

人质谈判场包括关系场、环境场和话语场。谈判场中影响和制约人质谈判的因素很多。警方针对每一场人质危机的谈判,都应该做到知彼知己,有的放矢,应通过场上和场下等渠道,多方采集相关信息,并及时、科学分析,正确研判,充分利用其有利面而规避其不利面。只有这样,警方才能有效把握谈判的主动权,顺利化解人质危机。     

对公安院校警体教学改革的研究与探讨

在加快改革开放和发展社会主义市场经济的新形势下,公安工作面临的形势更加严峻,任务更加艰巨、繁重。因此,对警察的身体素质和警务实战技能提出了越来越高的要求。公安院校作为培养未来警察的重要基地,警体教学应贴近公安工作实际。强化课程和教材建设,优化教学整体结构,精选教学内容。进一步建立和完善以增强学生体质,提高体能为基础、掌握警体技能为重点、强化实战运用能力为目标的教学训练体系。使警体教学为增强公安队伍战斗力发挥更大的作用。本文就有关警体课程和教学训练中存在的一些问题进行探讨,目的是为警体教学的改革提供参考。     

Age estimation by occlusal tooth wear

The purpose of the present investigation was to test the accuracy of a new scoring system in recording tooth wear for age estimation. The material consisted of dental stone casts of 383 volunteers who had sound premolars and molars with normal occlusion. The degree of occlusal wear for all premolar and molar teeth was scored with the new system. The high intra- and inter-examiner concordances showed that the new score system was very reliable. The degree of tooth wear showed a significant positive correlation with age in each and every examined tooth of both males and females. Tooth wear scores of males were higher than those of females. Calculating tables for age estimation were designed and the accuracy of age estimation was obtained with the General Linear Models procedures. Our system could provide estimation of an individual's age within +/-3 years in 42.4% of males and 49.4% of females, within +/-5 years in 61.8% of males and 63.3% of females. When the subjects were divided into two age groups and data were re-treated, the accuracy of age estimation was increased. Collectively, it was shown that our new system for scoring tooth wear is a reliable and accurate method for age estimation.     

The comparison of toluene determination between headspace-solid phase microextraction and headspace methods in glue-sniffer's blood and urine samples

An accurate and simple method was developed to determine the level of toluene in urine and blood quantitatively by using the gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) with headspace--solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) technique. An assembly of SPME with a replaceable extraction fiber, coated with 100 microm polydimethylsiloxane, was used. The detection limit of toluene in blood and urine with HS-SPME technique was 10 times higher than that with headspace (HS) technique. To compare the HS-SPME with HS technique for the determination of toluene in biological fluids, blood and urine samples from glue sniffers were analyzed by both methods. The level of toluene by the two techniques was highly correlated: the correlation coefficient (r2) between the two sets of values were 0.98 and 0.96 in urine and blood, respectively.     

A sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for ABO blood typing of semen by using anti-p 84 monoclonal antibody as a marker of blood group substance in semen

A blood group substance (BGS), a protein with ABH antigenic activity, was isolated from human seminal plasma and designated as p 84 (Sato, 1995). We have developed a method for determining the ABO blood type of semen by performing a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in which p 84 is captured with an anti-p 84 monoclonal antibody, and evaluated the specificity and sensitivity of this method. Although BGS activity was detected in semen sensitively by this method, it was not detected in saliva, urine, breast milk, blood or vaginal secretions. Since the concentration of p 84 in semen was independent of the secretion status, the status can be determined as non-secretor when p 84 but not BGS activity was detected. To determine the stability of BGS activity on p 84, dried stains of semen on filter paper were kept at 4, 26, and 37 degrees C for 8 months, 2 years and 1 month, respectively, and their BGS activities were examined. After 8 months at 4 degrees C, over 60% of the original BGS activity was recovered from the stain. The activity could be detected even from a square as small as 0.25 by 0.25 cm. After 1 month at 37 degrees C and 2 years at 26 degrees C, 31 and 20% of the BGS activity, respectively, still remained. It could be detected from the pieces of 1.0 by 1.0 cm and 0.5 by 0.5 cm squares, kept for 1 month at 37 degrees C and 2 years at 26 degrees C, respectively. Finally, semen was mixed with saliva or blood at varying volumetric ratios and used for the sources of dried stains. The BGS activity of p 84 could be detected in the stains until the ratio between semen and saliva or blood reached 1:4. We conclude that this sandwich ELISA offers a more sensitive and specific method for determining the ABO blood type of semen samples obtained from sexual assault victims than existing methods, such as the conventional absorption-elution and classical hemagglutination-inhibition tests.     

Fatal aspiration of sardine fry in a patient with lung cancer

We report a fatal case of death due to unusual aspiration of sardine fry in an elderly Japanese man with lung cancer. The cause of death was sudden respiratory arrest while eating. Autopsy revealed peculiar materials with cell nests and pigmented particles, together with striated muscle and skin, in the ectatic bronchioles of the left lower lobe. Serial histologic sections suggested that the structures observed were the eyeballs of small animals that appeared to have been inhaled. The patient had habitually eaten sardine fry and rice gruel, which were also detected in the gastric contents. Therefore, the eyes were considered to be those of the fry, which is a popular food item in Japan. This was confirmed by histologic examination of fry that were obtained commercially.     

Postmortem diagnosis of cerebral malaria

Human cerebral malaria is a frequent encephalopathy that occurs in the endemic tropical-subtropical zones. There are a smaller number of imported cases in continental zones where the diagnosis sometimes remains difficult to establish. Fifteen days after the death of a 36-year-old male French citizen in Africa, an investigation to determine the cause of death was conducted. Histologic examination of the brain permitted the diagnosis of cerebral malaria. Because of the popularity of overseas tourism and because this disorder may appear as "sudden death," these victims may be referred to a forensic pathologist. This case demonstrates the role a forensic pathologist may play in determining the cause of death in cerebral malaria.