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111.
This paper describes a developmental validation study of three Miniplex sets covering 12 of the 13 CODIS loci. As these new sets will be used for the analysis of degraded and low level DNA, the validation studies were performed using 100-125 pg of DNA, the lowest input level at which peak balance, peak intensity, and allele consistency were stable. To demonstrate the applicability of the Miniplex sets to forensic casework, these validation studies were completed in accordance with the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM). A range of tests were performed including studies of concordance with standard multiplex kits, sensitivity and reproducibility, and PCR amplification conditions. Additionally, studies of mixtures, nonhuman and environmentally degraded DNA, and simulated forensic samples were performed. Our results demonstrate that Miniplex STR amplification procedures are a robust and sensitive tool for the analysis of degraded DNA. 相似文献
112.
This essay places the long‐standing campaign for redress and apology of women separated from their children through adoption in an historical and political context, tracing the rise of the single mother as a political voice through the Council for the Single Mother and her Child and the emergence of birth mother advocacy groups. The political actions of these mothers must be seen alongside the two national apologies already delivered and the political activism which led to them. Activism for apologies for past wrongs ought be understood in terms of the contemporary Australian politics of apology in which, in the words of Hannah Arendt, “pity is elevated to the level of a political principle”. However, in the case of these mothers, the Australian story of national regret and apology is complicated by issues of gender and sexuality. The women, unlike the Stolen Generations, child migrants and institutionalised children, do not easily or readily fit within the terms of national apology as formulated in the apologies of 2008 and 2009 which were addressed primarily to wronged and innocent children. If and when an apology is addressed to these women, its terms will necessarily differ from the earlier apologies. 相似文献
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115.
This article seeks to understand, in historical and international perspective, recent governmental initiatives that aim to reinstate adoption as a viable policy option for the care and placement of children in Australia, with reference to two recent reports of the House of Representatives Standing Committee on Human and Family Services, Overseas Adoption in Australia: Report of the Inquiry into Adoption of Children from Overseas (2005), and The Winnable War on Drugs: The Impact of Illicit Drug Use on Families (2007) which raises adoption as a policy option for children of drug‐addicted parents. These reports appear to signal a discursive shift away from the anti‐adoption attitudes that have characterised the post‐1970s period in response to the Stolen Generations and other past adoption practices. It is argued that this change can be understood as having been pushed to the fore by the conservative family policy of the Howard era and further fostered by international trends in adoption policy. 相似文献
116.
Denise R. Osborn Dan Ellingworth Tim Hope Alan Trickett 《Journal of Quantitative Criminology》1996,12(2):223-245
Much recent victimization research has concentrated on predicting who will be victimized, with relatively little concern for
the number of events suffered. This study turns to the latter issue by focusing attention on the prediction of repeat victimization.
A statistical methodology is employed which allows for the explicit recognition that an initial victimization must occur prior
to any repeat event. When applied to property crime information from the 1984 British Crime Survey, we find little evidence
that repeat victims have distinctive characteristics compared with single victims. Nevertheless, households with characteristics
which protect from victimization, in the sense of giving rise to a low initial risk, have this protection reduced for a subsequent
event. Moreover, comparing two households with different risk characteristics, their repeat victimization probabilities are
more similar than were those for the initial occurrence. 相似文献
117.
The study uses data from 2018 Black and White males and females and latent-variable structural equations techniques to examine group differences in the measurement of risk factors for substance use. First, the equivalence of measurement models for four demographic groups is examined separately for 12 risk factors and 2 measures of substance use. Then these 14 measures are correlated with five external criteria to assess measurement validity. Results imply that one measurement model fits the data for 11 of the 12 risk factors. For one risk factor (Peer Drug Modeling) and the two drug use scales, observed group differences in the factor loadings stemmed from differences in the distributions of a few drug-related items which were infrequently endorsed, especially by Black females. No meaningful group difference in the validity coefficients relating the scales to external criteria were observed. The results are optimistic for the study of race and sex differences in the correlates of substance use. But research on group differences in the prediction of rare behaviors should examine group differences in distributions which may effect measurement differently for different groups. 相似文献
118.
Denise Paquette Boots John K. Cochran Kathleen M. Heide 《Journal of criminal justice》2003,31(6):553-565
The present study utilized the factorial survey design, a quasi-experimental approach, in an attempt to measure respondent's capital punishment preferences regarding juvenile, the mentally incompetent, and the mentally retarded offenders. The findings indicated that respondents were significantly less likely to prefer capital punishment over alternative sentencing options. Moreover, the influence aggravating and mitigating circumstances such as the offender's age, mental capacity, prior record, and death-eligibility were found to strongly affect the public's death penalty preferences. The substantive, methodological, and public policy implications of this study are discussed. 相似文献
119.
Mbilinyi LF Zegree J Roffman RA Walker D Neighbors C Edleson J 《Journal of family violence》2008,23(5):343-351
Although voluntary enrollment by abusive men in domestic violence perpetrator treatment programs occurs, most men enter treatment
only after they have injured a partner or family member and have been arrested, convicted and sentenced. This leaves a serious
gap for those who engage in abusive behavior but who have not been served by the legal or social service systems. To address
this gap, the researchers applied social marketing principles to recruit abusive men to a telephone-delivered pre-treatment
intervention (the Men’s Domestic Abuse Check-Up—MDACU), designed to motivate non-adjudicated and untreated abusive men who
are concurrently using alcohol and drugs to enter treatment voluntarily. This article discusses recruitment efforts in reaching
perpetrators of intimate partner violence, an underserved population. Informed by McGuire’s communication and persuasion matrix,
the researchers describe three phases of the MDACU’s marketing campaign: (1) planning, (2) early implementation, and (3) revision
of marketing strategies based on initial results. The researchers’ “lessons learned” conclude the paper.
This project is supported by a grant from the National Institute on Drug Abuse, 1 RO1 DA017873. 相似文献
120.
Denise C. Gottfredson 《Journal of Experimental Criminology》2010,6(3):229-243
Joan McCord’s follow-up study of the Cambridge–Somerville Youth Project showed that even well-intentioned, well-implemented
prevention programs sometimes have harmful effects on participants. She reported that peer reinforcement of delinquent behaviors
or bragging about delinquent behaviors that occurred during summer camp experiences provided as part of the project might
explain the negative outcomes observed for treatment boys. We explored this “deviancy training” mechanism in the context of
an evaluation of an after-school program. The study found that peer deviancy training does occur in the context of after-school
programs, that it is more likely to occur during less structured activities, and that more violent behavior also occurs during
these less structured times. Also, the amount of adult supervision that is afforded in after-school programs did not counteract
the reinforcing effect of peers. Finally, we showed that while teaching a prevention curriculum that was part of the after-school
program, the most effective group leaders provided positive reinforcement for students’ pro-deviancy expressions. A scale
assessing beliefs that illegal, violent, and risky behaviors are common and acceptable in the peer group favored the control
students in the programs in which group leaders were observed providing this positive reinforcement. Implications for prevention
programming are discussed. 相似文献