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431.
Administrative data on public shelter utilization among homeless adults from New York City (1987–1994) and Philadelphia (1991–1994) are analyzed to identify the relative proportion of shelter users by length of stay and rate of readmission, and to identify the characteristics that predict an exit from shelter. Survival analyses reveal that half of adult shelter users will stay fewer than 45 days over a two-year period (combined stays), and that approximately one half of men and one third of women will experience a readmission within two years of the first admission. Results also document the size and relative resource consumption of a long-term sheltered population, finding that 18.2 percent of New York shelter users stay 180 days or more in their first year, consuming 53.4 percent of the system days for first-time shelter users. Discrete-time logistic hazard regression analyses reveal that, in general, being older, of black race, having a substance abuse or mental health problem, or having a physical disability, significantly reduces the likelihood of exiting shelter. In both cities, people entering shelter in later years are staying longer, although individuals have shorter episodes on subsequent admissions. The implications of this study for the analysis and management of emergency shelter system utilization are discussed. 相似文献
432.
Dennis Mares 《Critical Criminology》2010,18(4):279-293
This article examines how a broader class of environmentally harmful behavior can be examined from a criminological frame
of reference. By using examples of soil degradation and anthropogenic climate change, it is argued that environmentally damaging
behavior is similar to many other types of crime. Particularly when taken from the standpoint that environmentally harmful
behavior is ultimately detrimental to human social organizations by undermining ‘carrying capacity’, outright criminalization
might strike many as a valid option. Nonetheless, there are also some fundamental differences that will ultimately prevent
a strict legalistic perspective from being successful in minimizing ecological harm. Instead, this article argues that criminologists
need to emphasize the importance of shaming and status rewards in pursuing a greener future. 相似文献
433.
Lee Heeuk Dennis Boateng Francis D. Kim David Binning Christoffer 《American Journal of Criminal Justice》2020,45(1):88-101
American Journal of Criminal Justice - Residential in/stability has been observed to influence several behavioral outcomes such as mental health, child abuse, adolescent substance uses and... 相似文献
434.
Wang Ching-Hsing Weng Dennis Lu-Chung Barnstead Laura DuMond Garrett 《Journal of Chinese Political Science》2018,23(4):537-561
Journal of Chinese Political Science - This study examines the relationship between the perception of human rights conditions and individual participation in contentious political activities in... 相似文献
435.
436.
Dennis Pluchinsky 《冲突和恐怖主义研究》2015,38(4):305-309
This section of Studies in Conflict & Terrorism is dedicated to the reprinting of selected, translated terrorist communiqués that provide insights into the mindset, worldview, or operational thinking of a group. In terms of communiqués, this section employs the following typology of terrorist communiqués. There are three types of terrorist communiqués: attack, strategic, and special. Attack communiqués are issued to claim responsibility for an attack, explain the target selected, and provide the political rationale for attacking the target. A strategic communiqué is a longer document that is issued to provide strategic direction or commentary on political events, issues, and developments relevant to the group's cause and constituency. It can be used to explain changes of strategy or reinforce the strategic direction of the group. The special communiqué is similar to the attack communiqué in that it is event-driven but addresses non-attack events like anniversary dates, hunger strikes, elections, deaths of leaders, ceasefires, issuing threats or warnings, annual progress reports, issuing apologies, and so on. All three communiqués are issued publicly and intended to influence various audiences. 相似文献
437.
This paper investigates the relationship between professional sports franchises and venues and real per capita personal income in 37 standard metropolitan statistical areas in the United States over the period 1969 to 1994. Our empirical framework accounts for the entry and departure of professional football, basketball, and baseball franchises; the construction of arenas and stadia; and other sports related factors over this time period. In contrast to other existing studies, we find evidence that some professional sports franchises reduce the level of per capita personal income in metropolitan areas and have no effect on the growth in per capita income, casting doubt on the ability of a new sports franchise or facility to spur economic growth. We also find evidence that results obtained from estimating reduced‐form relationships, a common practice in the literature, are not robust to alternative reduced‐form specifications. © 1999 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management. 相似文献
438.
Although the mission of zoos and aquariums (species preservation, exhibition, education, and research) has not changed, the weights attached to their multiple goals and the means to accomplish them have. In particular, these institutions have undertaken costly programs to preserve endangered species. Through an examination of alternative revenue sources we demonstrate that institutions accredited by the American Zoo and Aquarium Association (AZA) have experienced no change in the structure of demand. Although more money could be raised through higher admission fees, these institutions have not exploited this alternative to full advantage, despite the Reagan-era tax rate reductions that resulted in fewer donations. Almost all the limited subsidies zoos and aquariums receive come from local governments; federal subsidies (through the Endangered Species Act) have been allocated to purchase critical habitat in the wild. Zoos and aquariums have turned increasingly to ancillary commercial activity such as food service and gift shops. 相似文献
439.
Dennis R. Young 《Journal of policy analysis and management》1998,17(2):278-297
This article examines the commercial practices and sales income of national nonprofit social services associations in the United States. The associations span the fields of youth services, health charities, community and recreation services, and advocacy programs for older Americans and children. The commercial ventures of these associations reflect an important trend in the non-profit social services sector, which has implications for taxation, financing,and regulatory policies. The conceptual framework that defines nonprofit organizations as multiproduct economic organizations helps illuminate the relationship of commercial sales to the pursuit of the mission. In general, the commercial initiatives of the associations examined are not solely revenue-producing ventures in that they make direct contributions to the mission as well; indeed, pains are taken by association leaders to avoid activities that would damage their associations’ abilities to pursue their missions. Statistical analysis of the sales revenues of local affiliates of one association—the Jewish Community Centers Association—demonstrates that losses of external income from grants and contributions stimulate sales income whereas increases in memberships expand the markets within which these organizations can generate revenue from user fees. 相似文献
440.
The U.S. Congress passed sweeping telecommunications reform legislation in 1996 that will enable the Regional Bell Operating Companies (RBOCs) to enter the interLATA long-distance market once certain conditions are met. This legislation empowers the state public service commissions, the Federal Communications Commission and the Justice Department to determine collectively when RBOC entry into interLATA long-distance markets satisfies the public interest. This article reveals that as long as RBOC long-distance market shares remain below certain critical levels, the RBOCs do not have the incentives (despite having the opportunity) to discriminate against their downstream competitors. These findings suggest that a public policy focused exclusively on eliminating the opportunity to discriminate may needlessly delay RBOC entry into interLATA markets and thereby deprive consumers of the benefits of enhanced competition. 相似文献