Study of the Behaviors of Gunshot Residues from Spent Cartridges by Headspace Solid‐Phase Microextraction–Gas Chromatographic Techniques

Gunshot residues, produced after shooting activity, have acquired their importance in analysis due to the notoriety of firearms‐related crimes. In this study, solid‐phase microextraction was performed to extract the headspace composition of spent cartridges using 85‐μm polyacrylate fiber at 66°C for 21 min. Organic compounds, that is, naphthalene, 2,6‐dinitrotoluene, 2,4‐dinitrotoluene, diphenylamine, and dibutyl phthalate were detected and analyzed by gas chromatography‐flame ionization detection technique. Evaluation of chromatograms for diphenylamine, dibutyl phthalate, and naphthalene indicates the period after a gunshot was discharged, whether it was 1 days, 2–4 days, <5 days, 10 days, 20 days, or more than 30 days ago. This study revealed the potential effects of environmental factors such as occasional wind blow and direct sunlight on the estimation of time after spent cartridges were discharged. In conclusion, we proposed reliable alternative in analyzing the headspace composition of spent cartridges in a simulated crime scene.     

Microscopic Saw Mark Analysis: An Empirical Approach

Microscopic saw mark analysis is a well published and generally accepted qualitative analytical method. However, little research has focused on identifying and mitigating potential sources of error associated with the method. The presented study proposes the use of classification trees and random forest classifiers as an optimal, statistically sound approach to mitigate the potential for error of variability and outcome error in microscopic saw mark analysis. The statistical model was applied to 58 experimental saw marks created with four types of saws. The saw marks were made in fresh human femurs obtained through anatomical gift and were analyzed using a Keyence digital microscope. The statistical approach weighed the variables based on discriminatory value and produced decision trees with an associated outcome error rate of 8.62–17.82%.     

单位(法人)犯罪若干问题研究

单位（法人）犯罪的问题主要在于两个方面：其一,理论解释问题即如何将产生于英美法系刑法实践的问题与大陆法系的刑法理论相协调,具体而言,就是如何将单位（法人）犯罪问题与大陆法系刑法中以自然人犯罪为前提的刑法理论相协调的问题。其二,实践问题或者价值判断问题,即是否有必要通过刑罚来处罚单位（法人）犯罪以及刑事处罚的效果问题。     

中国创建学习型政府的动力系统分析

创建学习型政府是适应国内外形势、抓住机遇迎接挑战的需要。全球化的发展、知识社会的到来、信息技术的应用、传统文化的积淀、高层领导的支持等,都有力地推动着学习型政府的顺利创建。     

Militarizing civilians in Singapore: preparing for ‘Crisis’ within a calibrated nationalism1

The Singaporean polity has created the ‘militarized civilian’. This policy phenomenon beckons the question: How is this cross-fertilization carried out in Singapore's civil–military relations? Militarization is in the first sense meant to inculcate a calibrated dual personality within the civilian whereby being an effective soldier requires indulging in simulated military suffering as a badge of pride; at the same time, the citizen soldier has to believe that military and civilian values are perfectly interchangeable and contribute equally to the maintenance of peace. In a second sense, militarization is equally about permanently ritualizing sacrifices for a communitarian defence. We argue that while mostly successful, militarization also produces the tension arising from the need to appear pugnaciously vigilant while avoiding the casualties that must logically arise from heightened simulated combat. This tension is explained through two dimensions of ongoing crises: the parameters of a politically dramatized National Service ritual; and the constant propaganda of geopolitical dangers threatening the Republic.     

我国少先队工作70年发展历程及反思

中国少年先锋队建队70年来,在社会变迁及基础教育改革的背景下,呈现出阶段性的发展样态。研究运用政策文本分析法和历史与逻辑相统一的方法,并以复杂系统论为方法论,将少先队工作先后划分为四个阶段:时势裹挟下的高歌时期,朴素经验的恢复与创生期,素质教育框架下的同质化发展期以及多重困境下的自觉改革期。70年来,少先队工作的总体成就是:始终坚持中国共产党的领导,构建了组织层次分明的管理体系和运行机制,形成了一系列富有成效的少先队工作经验等。然而,面对时代的挑战,少先队工作也存在着转型不及时,独立性意识较为薄弱,少先队专业化建设不充分,缺乏一定比例的专业型教师等问题。在新的机遇和挑战面前,少先队在发展中需不断强化危机意识,加强制度保障、专业保障及人员保障。     

Who to blame: An inquiry into universal factors accounting for output variations in public–private partnership initiatives across geographical locations. Who to be blamed for not meeting performance,innovativeness, and quality outputs?

With the current controversy and blame game on output of public–private partnership (PPP) initiatives concerns, we investigate why there may be variations in achieving innovativeness, perceived quality, and performance of PPP initiatives across different geographical locations. For instance, we investigate a scenario where “a private company involved in waste management will perform in country ‘A’ but fails to perform in country ‘B’ given the same assignment and target.” We empirically sampled and make conclusions with 475 respondents from the public sector, private sector, and academia based on a survey inquiry. We adopted the structural equation modeling method using the partial least square for the data analysis. The results show that environmental dynamism causes major variations in desired output of PPP initiatives followed by collaboration capacity, environmental fit, and absorptive capacity, respectively. The findings further show that one partner cannot be blamed entirely for causing the failure of PPP initiative. However, we conclude that because on the basis of our data, environmental dynamism, which is as a result of some governmental activities, depicts the highest effect on output, public partners might be more liable. The findings from this study are an explicit view of PPP technocrats, which makes the conclusions more reliable.     

中国特色反腐倡廉模式研究

中国共产党历来重视反腐倡廉,建国以来,党和国家立足国情,不断探索反腐倡廉的规律,坚持不懈地推进反腐倡廉,形成了建国初期的＂运动式＂模式、改革开放初期的＂制度式＂模式、社会主义市场经济体制建立初期的＂法治化＂模式、新世纪初期的＂建设式＂模式以及党的十八大以来的＂互动式＂模式等具有中国特色的反腐倡廉模式。当前,我国反腐败工作正处于向纵深发展的重要时期,回顾我国反腐倡廉的历程,探究各种反腐倡廉模式的得失,有助于进一步提高反腐倡廉的科学化水平,为＂中国梦＂的实现创造清正廉洁的政治环境。     

印度的医疗保障体系

印度是世界上人口仅次于中国的发展中国家,但印度的医疗保障体系在世界上是有名的,它保证了绝大多数人享受近乎免费的公共医疗卫生保障,一般老百姓看病的费用绝大部分是由政府支出,这极大地促进了印度社会的整体发展,同时,对我国医疗制度的改革也具有借鉴作用.     

基于GIS的城市重大危险源应急管理协同机制

为了降低重大危险源给城市带来的损害,将GIS作为可视化技术应用到城市重大危险源应急管理中,以增进城市应急管理主体之间的协同性.从跨部门的数据管理、应急资源的管理和调度以及应急流程管理三个方面,结合GIS探讨了城市应急管理主体协同的方法和策略.