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131.
Using Dasymetric Mapping for Spatially Aggregated Crime Data 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
With availability of crime data to the public via sources such as the Uniform Crime Reports, and increasing geographic information system (GIS) capabilities for mapping crime, macro-level studies of crime have advanced knowledge of how crime is distributed over large areas. Choropleth mapping, commonly used in macro-level studies, visually displays data by assigning the number of crimes or crime rate to the corresponding spatial unit and using different shades or textures for each value or classified values creating a thematic map. However, crime incidents or crime rates are not dispersed evenly within spatial units, and choropleth mapping masks the underlying nuances of the distribution. Artificial boundaries, along with variations in the size of the unit of analysis, can further distort the true distribution of crime. Dasymetric mapping provides a methodology for refining the distribution of crime within a spatial unit. It does so by using additional data, such as land use and census data, to provide a realistic estimate of how crime may be distributed within the units of analysis. Dasymetric mapping is also useful in creating density maps to reveal clusters of crime normally masked with choropleth maps. This paper will show how dasymetric mapping can estimate the spatial distribution of aggregate level residential burglary within political boundaries in Massachusetts based on land use and housing data. 相似文献
132.
Elected leaders and collective land: Farmers’ evaluation of village leaders’ performance in rural China 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Previous studies on village elections have focused on the election process, but few have examined post-election outcomes related
to local land management systems. Land is the most important resource in Chinese villages, but land management and reallocation
are the chief responsibility for elected village leaders. Previous studies show that villager attitudes toward the “fairness”
of land reallocations and the type of village elections vary across villages. Some villages have an open election/nomination
process while other villages have “closed” or unfair elections. We found that openly elected leaders are more accountable
to villagers and that their land management decisions do reflect villager preferences for “fair” land reallocation. Our findings
are based on a 2000–2001 survey of 34 villages in rural Shaanxi province.
Rozelle is also a member of the Giannini Foundation of Agricultural Economics.
We acknowledge the finical support of the Fulbright Fellowship and the University of California, Pacific Rim Research Fellowship.
We want to thank the three anonymous reviews as well as Kevin O’Brien and Li Lianjiang for their comments and suggestions.
In addition, we want to thank our friends and colleagues at Northwest University, Xian for all their help, collaboration and
support. This paper was first presented in Chinese at the “Contemporary Rural Chinese Social Life” conference held at Hong
Kong Polytechnic University November 21st and 22nd 2002. 相似文献
133.
Duncan Kennedy 《Law and Critique》2014,25(2):91-139
This article explores the ‘hermeneutic of suspicion’ that seems to drive contemporary American jurists to interpret their opponents’ arguments to be ideologically motivated wrong answers to legal questions. The first part situates the hermeneutic in the history of the critique of legal reasoning, in public and private law, particularly the critique that claims that ‘no right answer is possible’ to many high-stakes questions of legal interpretation. The second part locates the hermeneutic in the long running processes of juridification, judicialization and constitutionalization that characterize law in modern society. The last part interprets the hermeneutic as ‘projective identification’, in the sense of Freud’s analysis of jealousy, with the jurist solving the problem of role conflict by firmly externalizing the inevitable ideological element in doing justice onto his opponent while preserving the legalist element in doing justice for himself. 相似文献
134.
Risk Clusters,Hotspots, and Spatial Intelligence: Risk Terrain Modeling as an Algorithm for Police Resource Allocation Strategies 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The study reported here follows the suggestion by Caplan et al. (Justice Q, 2010) that risk terrain modeling (RTM) be developed by doing more work to elaborate, operationalize, and test variables that would
provide added value to its application in police operations. Building on the ideas presented by Caplan et al., we address
three important issues related to RTM that sets it apart from current approaches to spatial crime analysis. First, we address
the selection criteria used in determining which risk layers to include in risk terrain models. Second, we compare the “best
model” risk terrain derived from our analysis to the traditional hotspot density mapping technique by considering both the
statistical power and overall usefulness of each approach. Third, we test for “risk clusters” in risk terrain maps to determine
how they can be used to target police resources in a way that improves upon the current practice of using density maps of
past crime in determining future locations of crime occurrence. This paper concludes with an in depth exploration of how one
might develop strategies for incorporating risk terrains into police decision-making. RTM can be developed to the point where
it may be more readily adopted by police crime analysts and enable police to be more effectively proactive and identify areas
with the greatest probability of becoming locations for crime in the future. The targeting of police interventions that emerges
would be based on a sound understanding of geographic attributes and qualities of space that connect to crime outcomes and
would not be the result of identifying individuals from specific groups or characteristics of people as likely candidates
for crime, a tactic that has led police agencies to be accused of profiling. In addition, place-based interventions may offer
a more efficient method of impacting crime than efforts focused on individuals. 相似文献
135.
Using a case study, this paper explores the extent to which one area of law (privacy and data protection) can intersect with, and be challenged by, proposals for delivery of another goal – greater energy efficiency. The article then explores the extent to which these fields are becoming more integrated; and also the risks of relying on technology (notably through Privacy by Design) to do this, particularly given the uncertainties embraced by lawyers and which can be problematic to technologists. Having identified challenges in meeting both energy efficiency and privacy/data protection goals at the same time, the article develops two responses. One looks more widely in law, to competition, to prevent particular activity and to confirm the relevance of greater legal interdisciplinarity. The other is a more multi-faceted collaborative governance approach, involving legal and technical expertise and consumer perspectives, with standards having a valuable role. Addressing climate change through greater energy efficiency should be an appropriate motivation to bring about this second approach, which draws on wider environmental governance developments. With largely a UK and EU focus, but seeking to be of transnational relevance, the paper makes key contributions as to the capacity and limits of how law can address societal challenges; explores the risks of assuming that social and legal problems can be readily addressed by technology; confirms the need for lawyers to look to other fields of law; and assists progress in an increasingly intersectional and dynamic field. 相似文献
136.
Through an adaptation of a terrorism risk assessment model, this article develops an initial proactive product counterfeiting risk assessment that is designed to focus upon a specific product’s risk for being counterfeited. The goal of developing this risk assessment is to help corporations identify the products that are most at risk for counterfeiting, thereby giving them the ability to focus their resources in the areas where the greatest opportunities for crime are present. This risk assessment is intended to serve as the first line of defence in a comprehensive and proactive brand owner strategy centred on identifying product-specific counterfeiting risk. The assessment comprises three factors that, together, capture a product’s counterfeiting risk level: the threat of product counterfeiting, the brand owner’s vulnerability to product counterfeiting and the potential consequences of a counterfeit product entering the market and reaching consumers. 相似文献
137.
Philip Birch Margaret H. Vickers Michael Kennedy Sally Galovic 《Police Practice and Research》2017,18(1):26-36
This paper examines wellbeing and occupational justice within the police profession. The research presented is based on a preliminary study utilising a qualitative methodology in which 14 in-depth interviews were conducted with rank and file police officers in one state of Australia. The data-set reveals that there are many positive aspects to being a police officer, contrary to the ‘dysfunction’ research that exists concerning the police in which corruption and poor performance prevails. The data analysis supports the notion that the practice of the police can be understood through a framework of wellbeing, occupational justice, and positive psychology. Whilst the research yields strong positive aspects in the work police officers engage in, as well as in their working environment, there are challenges within the profession, namely dealing with traumatic events that can hinder wellbeing and occupational justice. This study offers evidence to reflect on current policies and practices in terms of police recruitment, education and training. The study also offers evidence for improving staff retention by building on the principles of wellbeing and occupational justice within police practice. 相似文献
138.
139.
Gabriela Kennedy 《Computer Law & Security Report》2018,34(4):988-995
This column provides a country-by-country analysis of the latest legal developments, cases and issues relevant to the IT, media and telecommunications’ industries in key jurisdictions across the Asia Pacific region. The articles appearing in this column are intended to serve as ‘alerts’ and are not submitted as detailed analyses of cases or legal developments. 相似文献
140.
Gabriela Kennedy 《Computer Law & Security Report》2018,34(5):1166-1174
This column provides a country-by-country analysis of the latest legal developments, cases and issues relevant to the IT, media and telecommunications’ industries in key jurisdictions across the Asia Pacific region. The articles appearing in this column are intended to serve as ‘alerts’ and are not submitted as detailed analyses of cases or legal developments. 相似文献