Occupation-related aspects of homicidal acts

Several homicides characterized by peculiarities related to the occupation of the perpetrator are reported and compared with observations from literature. Common characteristics of the cases are determined by the following factors: availability of the equipment (i.e. drugs, poisons, tools) and application of special knowledge, skills or techniques provided by professional education (i.e. pharmacology, injection and dissection techniques in physicians and related professions, use of extraordinary, self-constructed weapons by technicians). Remarkable features of some cases are the long period of meticulous preparation and professional attempts to abolish or disguise suspicious findings. Thus, these homicides often present with uncommon modes of commitment and unusual forensic findings which are difficult to recognize and assess. Supplementing own experience by the cases reported in literature is an indispensable prerequisite to examine these cases properly and to provide professional and competent expert opinion for the police authorities.     

Determination of dopamine and dopamine-derived (R)-/(S)-salsolinol and norsalsolinol in various human brain areas using solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry

Using a solid-phase extraction procedure and a gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric (GC/MS) method the levels of dopamine and the levels of dopamine-derived salsolinol (SAL) and norsalsolinol (NorSAL) were determined in human brain areas involved in the etiology of alcoholism, parkinsonism and other diseases. The possibility that biosynthesis of salsolinol occurs through a stereospecific enzymatic reaction was considered. Using a two-step derivatization with N-methyl-N-trimethylsilyltrifluoracetamide (MSTFA) and the chiral reagent (R)-(-)-2-phenylbutyryl chloride, baseline separated peaks of (R)- and (S)-SAL were obtained. Both enantiomers were found in human brain samples with no correlations between levels of salsolinol and dopamine. These findings do not support the hypothesis that only an enantio-selective synthesis of (R)-SAL by a putative salsolinol synthase is responsible for the in vivo formation. In our opinion, non-enzymatic formation of salsolinol via the Pictet-Spengler reaction reveals both salsolinol enantiomers and an additional enzymatic synthesis of only (R)-SAL explains the enantiomer ratio (R)-/(S)-SAL of approximately 2.     

Use of radiographs in the forensic autopsy

The X-ray examination of corpses is a most useful tool in the field of medicolegal diagnostics. Sometimes the cause of death can already be seen before autopsy. The following modes of application are reviewed: search for foreign bodies, identification of poison, air-embolism, pneumothorax, air-filled lungs and gastro-intestinal organs in new-borns, diagnosis of tuberculosis in corpses, visibility of hidden fractures, structure of bones as a factor of biomechanical load capacity, identification and determination of age and experimental research with corpses.     

Contact shot from infantry weapons with a flash-suppressor

The number of reports on contact shots from firearms with a flash suppressor attached to the muzzle is small. On the basis of a case report (suicidal shot to the forehead with a Kalschnikow AKMS 47 assault rifle) the morphological peculiarities (characteristics soot pattern, relatively small powder cavity and only minor skin tears in the presence of a bony support) are presented and the conclusions to be drawn from the findings regarding the flash-suppressor, the shot distance, the angle of the shot and the way of holding the weapon are discussed.     

Homicidal alcoholic intoxation versus manual neck compression

A case of homicide involving a 49-year-old man is reported. In the course of a booze-up he was forced to excessive consumption of alcohol and was pushed back into a sofa by repeated grasping his neck which finally left him dead. The postmortem examination revealed a small abrasion in the right mandibular region, a contusion of the subcutaneous tissue above the left clavicle, a haemorrhage in the deep muscles of the neck at the right side of the cervical spine, a fatty tissue haemorrhage between the left cornus of hyoid and thyroid cartilage as well as petechiae of the eyelids and conjunctivae. The blood alcohol concentration amounted to 4.00@1000, the urine alcohol concentration to 5.26@1000. Thus, a manual strangulation of the neck versus a lethal alcohol intoxication had to be taken into consideration as cause of death. The morphological findings of the postmortem examination and the pathophysiological concepts of the underlying mechanisms of death in manual strangulation versus lethal alcohol intoxication are discussed with regard to their significance for the juridical assessment.     

Anti-corruption: What Do We Know? Research on Preventing Corruption in the Post-communist World

This review assesses the anti-corruption literature in a first attempt to identify systematically significant trends so far and challenges remaining to future political science research. Research on anti-corruption is a young métier. While reflecting on the field at large, the review focuses on two issues that have been central to its development: the role of post-communist Eastern Europe and of civil society involvement. Organised in a chronological way, the review distinguishes and discusses four phases, in order to trace how scholars have addressed these two issues in the context of a rapid evolution of anti-corruption debates, ongoing transformations in Eastern Europe and increasing insight into the controversial matter of anti-corruption efforts. It considers four crucial periods: (1) earlier scholarly debates on corruption (pre-1990s); (2) initial anti-corruption debates (1990s); (3) a period of reorientation (early 2000s); and (4) latest anti-corruption debates (mid-2000s). Changing perspectives on anti-corruption in relation to post-communism and civil society involvement are discussed for each of the four phases in order to delineate the different research trajectories. This leads to the conclusion that future research, while addressing the theory deficit, needs to take account of increasingly complex conceptual challenges posed by the (interrelated) changes in international and domestic governance.     

Rethinking Agency: A Phenomenological Approach to Embodiment and Agentic Capacities

Agency has been central to modern conceptions of politics but it is a complicated and contested idea that seems to have fallen into both theoretical and historical crisis. I explore the underlying ideas that have grounded it, as well as some recent historical and theoretical challenges. I respond by advocating an ontological agnosticism regarding who or what exercises agency and suggest a spectrum of agentic capacities instead. Commending a phenomenological approach, I then suggest that agentic capacities emerge and interact across this spectrum. At one pole I envisage pre- personal, corporeal processes and at the other, a transpersonal, intersubjective interworld that requires a novel social ontology. I locate individual or collective agents in the middle of the spectrum where they emerge as contingent singularities. My aim here is to retain agency as a necessary ingredient of politics while eliminating the Cartesian presuppositions that have, for example, rendered the agency-structure debate irresolvable and supported a subjectivist account of agents that is no longer tenable. I show how all three dimensions of the spectrum have political significance and discuss examples to illustrate this.