反思古典民主的局限性——以古雅典的城邦民主为分析对象

城邦民主是古典民主的制度形态,而古雅典政制是城邦民主制的典型。以古雅典为例,古典民主的局限性主要表现为:否定个人独立和自由,把个人手段化为实现城邦理念的工具;缺乏政治责任,不能自觉反思和矫正制度和政策的缺陷;充满党派争斗,必然导致多数专政。     

韩国由威权向民主转变的影响因素

韩国20世纪80年代的两次民主运动产生了完全不同的效果.1980年的光州事件遭到镇压,而1987年的六月民主化抗争则成功地实现了总统直选制改宪.主要的影响因素在于:经济社会的发展为韩国在1987年走上民主轨道奠定了坚实的基础.1980年的惨案也迫使威权政府1987年在选择动用武力方面更加谨慎.统治者内部的分化也有助于在1987年通过妥协和平地向民主过渡.在外部因素方面,美国立场的变化至关重要.     

Forensic genetic analysis of mitochondrial DNA hypervariable region I/II sequences: an expanded Korean population database

We have analyzed variation of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) hypervariable segments I and II (HVS-I and HVS-II) in 185 randomly chosen individuals from Korea to provide an expanded and reliable Korean database. Combined sequence comparison of HVS-I and HVS-II led to the identification of 167 different haplotypes characterized by 154 variable sites. One hundred and fifty-one of the haplotypes were individual-specific, 14 were found in two individuals and 2 were found in three individuals. A pairwise comparison of the 185 HVS-I/II sequences found an average of 10.11 +/- 4.63 differences between individuals. The random match probability and gene diversity for the combined hypervariable regions were estimated at 0.66% and 0.9988, respectively. Analyzing the expanded database including three previously reported data sets and the present data using haplogroup-based comparisons and comparison with closely related sequences allowed errors to be detected and eliminated, thus considerably improving data quality. Sample division comparisons based on PhiST genetic distance measures revealed no significant population differentiation in the distribution of mtDNA sequence variations between the present data set and a database in The Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM), but did indicate differences from other sets of data. Based on the results of mtDNA profiles, almost all of the mtDNA types studied here could be classified into subsets of haplogroups common in east Asia, and show that the Koreans possess lineages from both the southern and the northern haplogroup complexes of east Asian populations. The new data, combined with other mtDNA sequences, demonstrate how useful comparison with closely related mtDNA sequences can be for improving database quality, as well as providing haplotype information for forensic and population genetic analyses in the Korean population.     

关于农村经济结构调整的一种解说

调整农村经济结构一直是国家农村经济发展政策的重要内容。但农村经济结构调整仍存在重大障碍。只有实行宏观规划,采取综合性措施,才能逐步达到农村经济结构合理化目标。     

李大钊为何称袁世凯“一世怪杰”

中国共产主义运动的先驱李大钊1920年8月17日在<晨报>发表<要自由集合的国民大会>论及"民意"时指出:"一世怪杰的袁世凯,以符合民意而再起者,卒以伪造民意而亡."应当说,这句话集中反映了接受马克思主义唯物史观的李大钊,对袁世凯一生的大体看法和最终评价.很显然,李大钊并未因袁世凯最后"卒以伪造民意而亡",而全盘否定其曾"以符合民意而再起"等历史功绩,依然认为当时已经死去4年的袁世凯是"杰",只是为"一世怪杰".     

声音模拟训练法在警察射击教学中的应用

本研究结合警院射击教学实际,借鉴运动训练学和运动心理学理论,创新警院射击教学中的声音模拟训练方法,利用实验方法对实验组和对照组在实验后进行心率、注意稳定性、心理疲劳、射击技能掌握与安全、射击成绩进行比较,结果显示实验组比对照组生理、心理方面、射击技能掌握更好,对比差异具有显著性和高度显著性.因此,借鉴体育科学理论开展声音模拟训练法能够对警院学员射击安全和掌握技能提供更好的帮助和支持.     

新型农村社区建设研究述评

新型农村社区建设是近年来的一个热点议题,学者们从不同的视角,用不同的方法对其进行了研究和探索,取得了一系列成果,形成了不少共识,也存在一些争论。文章对新型农村社区的相关概念、基础理论以及主要议题进行了梳理,并对其进行了简评,旨在更好的推进新型农村社区发展。     

甘肃城乡一体化：现状与未来

城乡一体化作为我国一项新的发展战略,对城乡二元结构突出、基础条件偏弱、经济总量偏小、人均水平偏低的甘肃来说,既是难得的大好机遇,但也充满挑战。通过构建甘肃省城乡一体化的综合评价指标体系评价反映出甘肃省的城乡一体化有一定程度的发展,但也存在发展动力挖掘不够、产业结构单一、农村贫困率高、社会力量动员不足等问题。区域发展是嵌入在特定的社会文化背景之中的,进行文化上的足够动员、培育区域文化软实力是甘肃推进城乡一体化的关键所在。     

Imitating the West? Evidence on Administrative Reform from the Upper Echelons of Chinese Provincial Government

This article explores the attitudes of officials in the upper echelons in Chinese provincial and local government toward the origins of administrative reform. The authors examine the somewhat dichotomous argument that reform imitates the West or is indigenous and contend that both influences are present. Data drawn from a survey of party cadres and government officials show that cultural factors (time in government, overall knowledge of administrative reforms, together with familiarity with the move from a planned system of government to a market economy) and structural variables (upper echelon and familiarity with business management techniques) are correlated with learning from the West. Cadres and officials who spend more time managing outward and those who are familiar with performance assessment do not learn from the West. The theoretical and research implications of these findings—that learning from the West is an important influence on the adoption of administrative reforms in China—are discussed.     

Utilization of Pragmaticism Methodology of Traditional Chinese Medicine Intelligent Property Internationalization Protection Problem——In view of best solving method of Sino-US Chinese traditional medicine protection

解决中药知识产权保护问题离不开国际化因素的考量,但是国际化并不能等同于西方化,尤其是美国化的西药审批及保护标准,这是中医入欧盟零注册危机给国人的最新启示.从专利特别保护、传统知识特别保护及公用知识无保护三种主要路径对中美中药市场竞争的影响出发,应用实效方法论的重要工具博弈均衡理论,对中美中药及植物药保护的不同选择路径不同利益效果作了对比性的数据及逻辑分析.研究发现,我国对中药知识产权国际化保护的最佳选择应是理清中药作为传统知识的知识产权地位,而促进美国对植物药的专利化具备利益的可行性.建议在构建国内中药传统知识保护的专门法律制度的同时,创建性地促进中药的科技创新、国际合作以及相关国际公约的修改.