1H nuclear magnetic resonance of heroin's D ring

The 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) chemical shifts and coupling constants of heroin's D ring H-15 alpha, H-15 beta, and H-16 alpha, and H-16 beta are presented. These assignments were accessible through the introduction of a double bond (delta 15,16) in heroin. The resulting compound, delta 15,16 didehydroheroin, was subjected to deuterium exchange or stereoselective reduction or both. Reduced products d1-16 alpha heroin d2-15 alpha, 15 beta-heroin, and d3-15 alpha, 15 beta, 16 alpha-heroin are presented. Heroin with deuterated acetyls is also presented for 1H NMR spectral clarity in the D ring area.     

Police supervision on the street: An analysis of supervisor/officer interaction during the shift

This article examines a major assumption of street supervisors in police agencies—that control of police officer behavior is dependent on strict hierarchical organization. The intellectual roots of this assumption are examined, and an emerging perspective developed from direct observation of patrol operations is presented. The research questions are addresses with data that were collected from observations of patrol activities in 60 residential neighborhoods in 24 agencies. The analysis, which is referenced to officers' shifts of duty, shows that the effect of supervision is in the direction posited by the authors of traditional police administration texts, but the magnitude of the effect is not overly strong. The findings are used to inform the evaluation of a common policy option directed at improving officer performance through supervision.