Leader heuristics,political knowledge and voting in Britain's AV referendum

This paper uses data gathered in the British Election Study's 2011 AV Referendum Survey to investigate the impact of party leader images on referendum voting. The emphasis on leader images accords well with research showing that leader heuristics have sizable effects on voting in major referendums and general elections in Britain and other mature democracies. Reacting to these findings, some analysts have argued that the effects of leader images are heterogeneous, being stronger for voters with lower levels of political knowledge. In contrast, consistent with recent research in experimental economics and political psychology, it can be hypothesized that more knowledgeable voters rely more heavily on leader heuristics than do less knowledgeable individuals. Using multivariate statistical techniques developed for interpreting interaction effects in nonlinear models, analyses indicate that a political knowledge index focusing on the electoral system does not have statistically significant effects on referendum voting. However, voters' knowledge of leaders' positions on AV does interact with leader images. The analyses show that voters with higher levels of political knowledge are influenced more strongly by leader heuristics than are those who are less knowledgeable.     

Legal pragmatism and the pre-birth continuum: an absence of unifying principle

The common law has historically been clear - the rights of the unborn do not exist prior to birth. A child becomes a legal person and able to enforce legal rights upon being born alive and having a separate existence from her or his mother. This article assesses whether new developments in biomedical technologies have left this legal principle inviolate and explores what the state of law is in relation to pre-birth. It argues that there is a pre-birth continuum where the law punctuates points in a lineal timeline fashion as to when a pre-birth "non-entity" becomes a legal entity. The article concludes that there is no singular rule of law with respect to being or becoming a human but rather a collection of discrete and increasingly divergent legal categories. This recognition of a pre-birth continuum or timeline as to the legal recognition of this "non-entity" has significant ramifications for the future development of law and impacts on legal thinking about what it means to be human.     

Historical Entitlement and the Practice of Bequest: Is There a Moral Right of Bequest?

Entitlement theorists claim that bequest is a moral right. The aim of this essay is to determine whether entitlement theorists can, on their own grounds, consistently defend that claim. I argue that even if there is a moral right to self-appropriated property and to engage in inter vivos transfers, it is a mistake to contend that there exists an equivalent moral right to make a bequest. Taxing or regulating bequest does not violate an individual’s moral rights because, regardless of whether bequest safeguards certain interests, those interests are not the interests of a living, morally inviolable being. Instead, they are the interests of a deceased entity that has lost the ability to track what it values and pursue projects in accord with those values – a quality that by entitlement theorists’ own arguments renders persons morally significant and deserving of rights in the first place.     

The CBC: Canadian? Regional? Popular? An examination of program objectives for English television

Abstract. Throughout its thirty-eight-year history, the cbc has been subject to almost constant controversy, The 1968 Broadcasting Act attempted to define more clearly the role of the Corporation within the broadcasting system by laying down certain broad objectives, but controversy continues, most recently at the crtc public hearings on the applications by the Corporation for renewal of its radio and television network licenses. This paper attempts to clarify five of the most controversial of the objectives: to define certain variables in terms of which the objectives can be quantified and cbc scores calculated; to establish target ranges within which the cbc's degree of success in achieving its objectives can be measured, both historically and at present; to construct a ‘grid’ whereby cbc probable audiences and program costs can be predicted; and to outline at least one possible strategy for the cbc to pursue in the future. the better to achieve its objectives given probable financial constraints. The paper deals primarily with the English television network, which came in for the bulk of the criticism at the crtc hearings, but could be extended to French television and, more difficult, to cbc radio. Sommaire. Durant les 38 années de son existence, Radio-Canada a fait l'objet de controverses presque constantes. La loi sur la radiodiffusion de 1968 a essayé de définir plus clairement le rôle de la Société dans le cadre du système de radiodiffusion en fixant certains objectifs généraux. Néanmoins, la controverse continue et Ie dernier cas s'est présenté aux audiences publiques du crtc au sujet des demandes de la Société pour le renouvellement des permis de son réseau de radio et de télévision. L'auteur de cette communication essaie d'éclaircir cinq des objectifs les plus controversés; de définir certaines variables par rapport auxquelles les objectifs peuvent êre quantifiés et les performances de Radio-Canada évaluées; d'établir les critères selon lesquels le degré de succès de Radio-Canada dans la réalisation de ses objectifs puisse êre mesuré, à la fois historiquement et à l'heure actuelle; d'élaborer une « grille « permettant d'estimer les auditoires probables et les coûts des programmes de Radio-Canada et d'exposer au moins une stratégie possible que la Société pourrait adopter à l'avenir et qui favoriserait la réalisation de ses objectifs, compte tenu des restrictions financières probables. Cet exposé porte surtout sur le réseau de télévision anglophone qui a été le plus critiqué aux audiences du crtc, mais il pourrait s'appliquer à la télévision francophone et avec plus de difficulté, A la radio.     

Disentangling the Disability Quagmire in Psychological Injury and Law

This paper aims to critically analyze the evolution of six models of conceptualization, determination, and prediction of occupational disability relevant in the medico-legal context of psychological injury. The six models are the (a) biomedical, (b) forensic, (c) psychosocial, (d) ecological, (e) economic, and (f) biopsychosocial. We will discuss the key commonalities and differences among the models, including disciplinary tradition, research paradigm, recognition of person–environment interaction, key tenets, and implications for practice and research in psychological injury. The paper will highlight and discuss psychosocial issues, often underemphasized in forensic psychological practice, including: (a) balanced assessment of primary, secondary, and tertiary gains and losses, (b) self-perception, (c) disability identity, (d) beliefs and expectations, (e) coping, (f) adaptation and positive growth, (g) social stigma and social reactions to disability, including disability harassment, and (h) recognition of system-based environmental influences and demands. We will provide a special focus on the current state of the science and practice of prediction of disability, of particular interest to researchers and clinicians involved in clinical and occupational prognostication in psychological injuries. Finally, we will draw conclusions and recommendations for future research and best practices in the psychological injury area using a cross-diagnostic, dynamic, functionally based, and integrated biopsychosocial and forensic model of disability.     

The probative character of Forensic Handwriting Examiners’ identification and elimination opinions on questioned signatures

This 5-year study investigated the character of Forensic Handwriting Examiners’ (FHEs) authorship opinions on questioned signatures through the medium of blind validation trials. Twenty-nine thousand eight hundred and eleven authorship opinions were expressed by FHEs on trial kits comprising randomized questioned genuine signatures (written by the specimen writer), disguised signatures (written by the specimen writer) and simulated signatures (not written by the specimen writer). Results showed that, as a group, FHEs were significantly more confident at identifying writers’ genuine signatures than identifying writers’ disguised signatures or eliminating specimen writers from having authored simulated signatures. It is proposed that the difference in FHE confidence arises from the difficulty they have in deciding which alternative authorship explanation accounts for perceived combinations of similar and dissimilar features between specimen and questioned signatures.