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761.
762.
Siam-Heng Heng 《East Asia》2010,27(4):381-394
In the twentieth century Japan embarked on an economic developmental path that came to be known as the Flying Geese Model. The geopolitical milieu after the Second World War provided Japan with favourable conditions for rapid economic growth and industrialization. By the 1950s, many had noticed the success of the model and it was subsequently adopted by other East Asian countries. They too enjoyed decades of remarkable economic growth. An important element of the model is growth driven by export to the USA and Europe. As a result of the 2008 financial crisis, the traditional markets of the geese are shrinking. The new situation poses grave challenges to both the existing flying geese economies and latecomer economies which wish to follow the model. East Asian countries are responding to the situation by broadening and deepening their existing economic linkages and developing new ones. This represents a continuation of East Asian regionalism in the wake of the 1997 financial crisis. 相似文献
763.
Fair Trade has become a dynamic and successful dimension of an emerging counter-tendency to the neo-liberal globalisation regime. This study explores some of the dilemmas facing the Fair Trade movement as it seeks to broaden and deepen its impact among the rural poor of Latin America's coffee sector. We argue that the efforts to broaden Fair Trade's economic impact among poor, small-scale producers are creating challenges for deepening the political impact of a movement that is based on social justice and environmental sustainability. The study is based on two years' research and seven case studies of Mexican and Central American small-scale farmer cooperatives producing coffee for the Fair Trade market. 相似文献
764.
Protected ownership and freedom of contracts are two basic parts of the institutional framework of successful countries according to Douglass North, winner of the Nobel Prize in 1993. The incentives to make long-term investments are strengthened if ownership rights are protected and freedom of contracts is a basic element in the process of efficient allocation of scarce resources. An important engine in prosperous societies is the family firm. Most companies in these societies can be classified as family firms and a major part of GDP is produced by family businesses. Consequently, how ownership is protected in family firms is an important issue.Three important factors of private ownership of property are the rights to determine use of owned assets, the return generated from them and to transfer the assets at mutually agreeable terms to a new owner(s).The incentives of a founder entrepreneur to put efforts into the establishment of a firm are determined by all the three factors. We will here pay special attention to the third factor, transfer of the ownership of the firm. The founder often places contractual restrictions on such transfers to ensure that the structure of ownership is stable and that the firm stays in the family. The possibility to do so is part of the freedom of contracts and is associated with the extent of ownership held as well as the incentives to invest in new businesses.This paper is primarily about how protection of family ownership can be achieved from a legal point of view and discusses the reasons to enforce these legal relationships in the future for second, third, fourth etc. generations of family owners. 相似文献
765.
766.
Bingo is one of two legalized forms of gambling in the state of North Carolina. This paper is largely a product of information
gleaned from an undercover police operation conducted by a special state task force constructed by the State Attorney General
in 1983. The investigation concerned violation of state law designed to regulate bingo activity. This report provides the
reader with the development of state law associated with bingo operations, and concentrates on the illegitimate methods used
by professional operators to cheat bingo patrons. Legislation designed to crack-down on bingo abuse is discussed as well
Gambling is one of the most controversial social activities yet one of the least studied forms of social behavior (King, 1985).
Bingo is a specific form of legalized gambling which has received very little attention by social scientists. There have been,
however, a few studies which address the characteristics and motivations of bingo players. For example, it has been suggested
that bingo is primarily a female activity (Dixie, 1987). However, it has been found that motivations among male and female
players differ. Females are motivated more by social contact with other players, whereas men are motivated more by a need
for economic advancement (King, 1985). Although some studies exist on the characteristics of bingo players, there is a dearth
of research on the operators of bingo games, particularly those operators who ply their trade in a legally suspect fashion.
This paper focuses upon the legally suspect mechanisms utilized by some professionals who run bingo gambling operations.
The controversy over gambling often extends to state legislatures where lawmakers must wrestle with the question of whether
or not to allow legalized gambling within their borders. On the one hand, advocates of legalized gambling cite potential advantages
such as the creation of employment opportunities, its potential for enhancement of state revenues, the recreational value
of such activity for consumers and the general enhancement of tourism within states having legalized gambling. On the other
hand, critics of legalized gambling proclaim its evils such as the perceived relationship of gambling to organized crime,
the belief that gambling breeds other social ills (e.g. theft or other crimes of economic desperation) and the belief that
gambling can become a psychologically addictive disease which can contribute to individual and family impoverishment as well
as community disorganization. North Carolina is one state in which the legislature has demonstrated strong resistance to the
allowance of legalized gambling operations. Two exceptions exist, however. North Carolina allows two forms of legalized gambling,
bingo games and raffles. This paper focuses upon bingo gambling operations.
The central thesis of this paper is bingo was originally legalized to provide tax-exempt, charitable organizations a means
of revenue enhancement which would help fund their socially worthwhile endeavors. The legislative changes allowing this form
of gambling, however, have created opportunities for professional game operators whose major motivation is personal economic
enrichment (versus economic enhancement of charitable organizations). The personal economic enrichment motive is offered to
account for the various forms of cheating which were observed in a special investigation of a sample of bingo operations.
In a review of theoretical explanations of gambling behavior Kim King (1985) suggests an extension of the functional approach
which he labels an “Economic/Status” explanation. This explanation stresses the positive functions of gambling for society
and the individual. According to the economic/status explanation, the positive functions of gambling (for the individual)
include an innovative opportunity for economic enrichment, success, and status (King, 1985). We would like to suggest that
such reasons explain why a number of legally suspect bingo operations have emerged in North Carolina. The same reasons appear
to explain the use of various schemes by some bingo operators to cheat their patrons. In short, bingo profits appear to be
the primary reason for the massive increase in the number of bingo operations. Other theoretical factors are suggested to
account for the attraction of patrons to bingo games.
According to King (1985), the “functionalist” explanation of the recent popularity of bingo gambling is due to the tension-release
afforded to players of bingo; bingo offers an exciting and innovative way to attain economic success. A concurrent Marxian
explanation sees bingo gambling as an opiate of the oppressed, providing a false sense of control and success (King, 1985).
Other theoretical factors suggested by King include the symbolic interactionist idea that gambling is a way to display one’s
self to others in order to gain character (Goffman, 1967) and the idea that gambling for some people is a means of conspicuous
consumption (Veblen, 1899). These factors may account for the popularity of bingo operations, however the focus of this paper
is not upon an explanation of why bingo has become so popular.
This paper will outline some of the legally suspect methods used by unscrupulous bingo game operators. The information for
this report is based upon an undercover police investigation of illegal bingo activity in North Carolina. The investigation
was to explore the nature of illegal bingo gambling within the state.
Bingo gambling has a unique history in North Carolina; its recent legal history will be discussed in this treatise as well
as the various legitimate and illegitimate methods of bingo game operators, state law designed to regulate bingo gambling
and measures taken by “professional” (versus “charitable”) operators to protect their lucrative but legally suspect trade. 相似文献
767.
768.
Douglas Stewart 《Education & the Law》2005,17(4):127-136
Change is a feature of life in all communities and results in heightened demands being made of individuals and organizations alike. In the school setting administrators and classroom teachers have to respond to a great variety of demands that change has brought. Accountability, in various guises, is one area where changes in societal attitudes have resulted in greater demands being exacted of all professions including that of teaching. In this regard legal accountability is of considerable concern to schools as legal matters increasingly impact on school policies, practices and procedures. In this article research into the relationship between the law and school leadership and management is explored. A brief overview of research into school management and principals as leaders is followed by a discussion of the need for knowledge of areas of law impacting on schools. The article concludes that in order to ensure a school's legal safety, a preventive legal risk management culture is needed. 相似文献
769.
770.