X‐ray Scattering Evaluation of Ultrastructural Changes in Human Dental Tissues with Thermal Treatment

Micro‐ and ultrastructural analysis of burned skeletal remains is crucial for obtaining a reliable estimation of cremation temperature. Earlier studies mainly focused on heat‐induced changes in bone tissue, while this study extends this research to human dental tissues using a novel quantitative analytical approach. Twelve tooth sections were burned at 400–900°C (30‐min exposure, increments of 100°C). Subsequent combined small‐ and wide‐angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS/WAXS) experiments were performed at the Diamond Light Source synchrotron facility, where 28 scattering patterns were collected within each tooth section. In comparison with the control sample, an increase in mean crystal thickness was found in burned dentine (2.8‐fold) and enamel (1.4‐fold), however at a smaller rate than reported earlier for bone tissue (5–10.7‐fold). The results provide a structural reference for traditional X‐ray scattering methods and emphasize the need to investigate bone and dental tissues separately to obtain a reliable estimation of cremation temperature.     

Restructuring NOMS and reducing cultural divides between prisons and probation: a cautionary note

Abstract

When probation emerged a century ago it was grafted onto a criminal justice system with well-established prisons. Nevertheless for the first time in British penal history it was possible to impose a Probation Order as an alternative to Victorian punishments. By the 1960s, a time of change for probation (Whitehead and Statham, 2006), the Advisory Council on the Treatment of Offenders published its report on after-care that had a significant impact on the relationship between probation and prisons (Home Office, 1963). By 1967 an expanding probation organisation became the Probation and After-Care Service which began to fill social work posts in remand, detention, and borstal allocation centres, thus drawing probation closer into the custodial orbit.     

Habitatschutz in der Raumordnung

Zusammenfassung  Die raumordnerische Planung hat in den letzten Jahren an Bedeutung gewonnen. Vor allem gro?e oder politisch umstrittene Infrastrukturvorhaben erfahren immer h?ufiger eine Vorbereitung durch die Regional- oder Landesentwicklungsplanung. Aber auch die Ansiedlung gro?fl?chigen Einzelhandels sowie die Errichtung von Windenergieparks werden zunehmend raumordnungsrechtlich gesteuert. In dem Ma?e, wie dabei die Zielfestlegungen der raumordnerischen Pl?ne sachlich und r?umlich konkreter werden, geraten notwendig auch Belange des Habitatschutzes in den Blick. Die Bedeutung der habitatschutzrechtlichen Regelungen auf der Ebene der Raumordnung ist aber noch nicht hinreichend gekl?rt. Der vorliegende Aufsatz versucht, Anhaltspunkte für den Stellenwert und die Prüfdichte des Habitatschutzes in der Raumordnung zu entwickeln.