Traditions of governance: interpreting the changing role of the public sector

The role of the state is changing under the impact of, for example, globalization. The changes have been variously understood as the new public management (NPM), the hollowing–out of the state and the new governance. This special issue of Public Administration explores the changing role of the state in advanced industrial democracies. It focuses on the puzzle of why states respond differently to common trends.
This introductory article has three aims. First, we provide a brief review of the existing literature on public sector reform to show that our approach is distinctive. We argue that the existing literature does not explore the ways in which governmental traditions shape reform. Second, we outline an interpretive approach to the analysis of public sector reform built on the notions of beliefs, traditions, dilemmas and narratives. We provide brief illustrations of these ideas drawn from the individual country articles. Finally, we outline the ground covered by all the chapters but we do not summarize and compare their experiences of reform. That task is reserved for the concluding article.     

Logical evaluation of evidence when a person is suspected of committing two separate offences.

We consider the problem of drawing inferences within a legal framework when a person is a suspect for two separate offences. Although we are primarily concerned with scientific evidence the issue inevitably arises as to how that evidence interacts with other, non-scientific evidence. We show that, in this particular context, the evidence can be conveniently classified into three categories that concern, respectively: the first crime only; the second crime only; and evidence that relates to similarities between the two crimes. Two case examples are considered and we consider DNA, fibres and eyewitness evidence. These are viewed from the perspective of a prosecutor who has to decide whether or not to charge a suspect with one or both crimes. Graphical sensivity analyses are presented which have features that are not intuitively obvious.     

Can information change public opinion? Another test of the Marshall hypotheses

U.S. Supreme Court Justice Thurgood Marshall offered his opinion regarding the utility of public opinion polls as a tool for assessing the “evolving standards of decency” regarding capital punishment. His arguments became known as the Marshall hypotheses and spawned a considerable body of empirical testing. The three Marshall hypotheses are: (1) support for capital punishment is inversely associated with knowledge about it, (2) exposure to information about capital punishment produces sentiments in opposition to capital punishment, but (3) exposure to information about capital punishment will have no impact on those who support it for retributive reasons. The results of previous tests of these hypotheses were somewhat mixed but supportive. None of these studies, however, examined the effects of change in knowledge levels with changes, if any, in death penalty attitudes and beliefs as needed for a more complete test of the Marshall hypotheses. The present study addressed this shortcoming. The results provided mixed support for these three hypotheses. That is, death penalty supporters were somewhat less informed than death penalty opponents; exposure to death penalty information and knowledge gains tended to be associated with attitudinal change in a directions suggested by these hypotheses; but, retributivists' attitudes toward and beliefs about capital punishment were not any more resistant to change than were the attitudes and beliefs of non-retributivists.     

Wasserrechtlicher Eigentümergebrauch und Rohstoffgewinnung

Mit der Einführung einer Entgeltpflicht für die Entnahme von Wasser in Nordrhein-Westfalen ist der erlaubnisfreie wasserrechtliche Eigentümergebrauch in den Mittelpunkt des Interesses gerückt. Denn wer Wasser im Rahmen des Eigentümergebrauchs aus einem oberirdischen Gewässer entnimmt, ist von dieser Entgeltpflicht befreit. Der folgende Beitrag erläutert die im Zusammenhang mit der Gewinnung nichtenergetischer Rohstoffe insoweit relevanten Fragen. * Die Verfasser sind, Mitarbeiter der Anders u.Thomé Rechtsanwaltsgesellschaft mbH in Krefeld     

Koexistenz und Haftung im Gentechnikrecht in rechtsvergleichender Sicht

Die Kultivierung gentechnisch ver?nderter Pflanzen in der Landwirtschaft hat in einigen Staaten wie den USA, Brasilien, Argentinien, Kanada und China bereits erhebliche Ausma?e angenommen. In Europa und zumal in Deutschland befindet sich die „grüne Gentechnik“ dagegen noch in den Kinderschuhen. Nach der Aufhebung des faktischen Moratoriums gegen den Anbau gentechnisch ver?nderter Kulturpflanzen durch die EU im Jahre 2005 ist mit einem langsamen Vordringen der Gentechnik in der Landwirtschaft auch in Europa zu rechnen. Gentechnisch ver?nderte Organismen (GVO) sind lebende Organismen, die sich in der Umwelt vermehren und ausbreiten k?nnen. Die Umwelt stellt ein im Wesentlichen offenes System dar, das nicht hermetisch aufgeteilt und abgeschlossen werden kann. Wo immer GVO in der Umwelt freigesetzt werden, kann daher eine Ausbreitung in der Umwelt nicht grunds?tzlich ausgeschlossen werden. Inwieweit dies eine grunds?tzlich akzeptable Ver?nderung der Umwelt darstellt, die mit den Auswirkungen anderer menschlicher Einwirkungen oder gar natürlichen Ver?nderungen vergleichbar ist, oder es sich um ein ernstes ?kologisches Risiko handelt, ist freilich umstritten. Sowohl der EG-Richtlinie 2001/18/EG über die Freisetzung und das Inverkehrbringen genetisch ver?nderter Produkte als auch dem deutschen Gentechnikgesetz liegt die Wertung zugrunde, dass dies nur im Einzelfall beurteilt werden kann. Soweit der Anbau von GVO-Kulturpflanzen zugelassen wird, geht es darum, etwaige ?kologische und ?konomische Risiken gering zu halten. Neben administrativer Regulierung spielt hier das Haftungsrecht eine zentrale Rolle.     

Language disorders in disruptive behavior disordered homicidal youth.

Eight homicidal youths were assessed for language disorders and psychiatric diagnoses using a battery of standardized language tests and the Diagnostic Interview for Children and Adolescents. Both language disorders and Diagnostic and Statistical Manual III-R psychiatric diagnoses were present in all subjects.     

Where and When to Spank: A Comparison Between U.S. and Japanese College Students

Although physical punishment has been studied for decades, there are gaps in the literature regarding frequently used form, context, and cross cultural differences. A comparison was made using 227 college students in the United States and Japan, who were presented with four scenarios and surveyed regarding attitudes toward physical punishment, perceptions of appropriate discipline methods, and past experience with physical punishment. Japanese and U.S. respondents reported similar personal experience with physical punishment (Japanese 86%, U.S. 91%). However, U.S. respondents reported a higher likelihood of being hit with an object than did Japanese respondents. For U.S. respondents, the bottom and the hand were the top two sites on the body used for physical punishment, whereas the head and the face were the top two places for the Japanese sample. Unlike U.S. respondents, type of child misbehavior was found to have an impact on Japanese respondents’ views on the appropriate discipline method.