社区发展是社会管理创新与和谐城市建设的重要基础

社区是城市生活的重要组成部分。是人居环境、城市文化、城市人文生态的主要载体。在中国迅速城市化的过程中,传统城市社区受到了重创,新的社区还没有全面建立。党中央提高社会管理的科学化水平的号召,给当代城市管理者提出了一个崭新的命题——关注城市社区的建设和发展。本文梳理了社区的定义,揭示了中国城市化过程中社区被破坏的现实,提出城市治理过程中要注重城市社区的建设和发展,创新社区管理与发展的方式,为科学社会管理、建立和谐城市打下良好的社会基础。     

Updating OSHA standards based on national consensus standards. Direct final rule

In this direct final rule, the Agency is removing several references to consensus standards that have requirements that duplicate, or are comparable to, other OSHA rules; this action includes correcting a paragraph citation in one of these OSHA rules. The Agency also is removing a reference to American Welding Society standard A3.0-1969 ("Terms and Definitions") in its general-industry welding standards. This rulemaking is a continuation of OSHA's ongoing effort to update references to consensus and industry standards used throughout its rules.     

Definition of "positional isomer" as it pertains to the control of schedule I controlled substances. Final rule

On May 25, 2006, DEA published a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking which proposed the addition of a specific definition for the term "positional isomer" to allow for the systematic determination of which isomers of schedule I substances would be considered to be "positional," and therefore, subject to schedule I control. This rulemaking finalizes that definition. The Controlled Substances Act (CSA) and its implementing regulations specify which hallucinogenic substances are considered schedule I controlled substances. The CSA states that all salts, isomers, and salts of isomers of these substances are also schedule I controlled substances. In non-technical terms, an isomer of a substance is a different compound, but a compound which has the same number and kind of atoms. The terms "optical isomer" and "geometric isomer" are specific scientific terms and it is easy to determine whether one substance is an optical or geometric isomer of another. The term "positional isomer," however, is subject to scientific interpretation. The addition of a definition for the term "positional isomer" will assist legitimate research[ers] and industry in determining the control status of materials that are "positional isomers" of schedule I hallucinogens. While the DEA will remain the authority for ultimately determining the control status of a given material, providing a specific definition for "positional isomer" will ensure consistent criteria are utilized in making these determinations. This rule does not change existing laws, regulations, policies, processes, and procedures regarding the determination of control status for schedule I hallucinogenic substances. This rule merely makes available to the public the longstanding definition of "positional isomer" which DEA has used when making these scheduling determinations. This rule is relevant only to specialized forensic or research chemists. Most of these individuals are existing DEA registrants who are authorized by the DEA to handle schedule I hallucinogenic substances.     

Advisory committee; Risk Communication Advisory Committee; establishment. Final Rule

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is announcing the establishment of the Risk Communication Advisory Committee in the Office of Planning, Office of the Commissioner. This document adds the Risk Communication Advisory Committee to the agency's list of standing advisory committees.     

Current good manufacturing practice in manufacturing, packaging, labeling, or holding operations for dietary supplements. Final rule

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is issuing a final rule regarding current good manufacturing practice (CGMP) for dietary supplements. The final rule establishes the minimum CGMPs necessary for activities related to manufacturing, packaging, labeling, or holding dietary supplements to ensure the quality of the dietary supplement. The final rule is one of many actions related to dietary supplements that we are taking to promote and protect the public health.     

Medical devices; immunology and microbiology devices; classification of quality control material for cystic fibrosis nucleic acid assays. Final rule

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is classifying quality control material for cystic fibrosis nucleic acid assays into class II (special controls). The special control that will apply to the device is the guidance document entitled "Class II Special Controls Guidance Document: Quality Control Material for Cystic Fibrosis Nucleic Acid Assays." The agency is classifying the device into class II (special controls) in order to provide a reasonable assurance of safety and effectiveness of the device. Elsewhere in this issue of the Federal Register, FDA is announcing the availability of the guidance document that will serve as the special control for this device.     

Microbiology devices; reclassification of herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 serological assays. Final rule

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is reclassifying herpes simplex virus (HSV) types 1 and/or 2 (HSV 1 and 2) serological assays from class III (premarket approval) to class II (special controls). FDA had earlier proposed this reclassification on its own initiative based on new information. Elsewhere in this issue of the Federal Register, FDA is announcing the availability of a class II special controls guidance entitled "Class II Special Controls Guidance Document: Herpes Simplex Virus Types 1 and 2 Serological Assays."     

Blood vessels recovered with organs and intended for use in organ transplantation. Final rule

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) are amending their regulations to include as part of an organ those blood vessels recovered with the organ that are intended for use in organ transplantation (HRSA regulation); and to exclude such blood vessels from the definition of human cells, tissues, or cellular or tissue-based products (HCT/Ps) (FDA regulation). The purpose of this final rule is to amend the regulations so that blood vessels recovered with organs and intended for use in organ transplantation, and labeled as such, are governed by the regulations pertaining to organs. The regulation of other recovered blood vessels remains unchanged. We (HRSA and FDA) believe that this change will eliminate the burden resulting from an organ procurement organization's efforts to comply with both FDA and HRSA rules with respect to blood vessels (FDA jurisdiction) and organs (HRSA jurisdiction).     

Control of communicable diseases; restrictions on African rodents, prairie dogs, and certain other animals. Interim final rule; supplement and partial reopening of comment period

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is reopening the comment period for the interim final rule on the capture, transport, sale, barter, exchange, distribution, and release of African rodents, prairie dogs, and certain other animals, which was published in the Federal Register of November 4, 2003 (68 FR 62353). FDA is taking this action because it is adding new information, primarily in the form of peer-reviewed scientific literature, to the administrative record. FDA is reopening the comment period for 30 days for the sole purpose of inviting public comments on the information being added to the administrative record.