Revised medical criteria for evaluating endocrine disorders. Final rules

We are revising the criteria in the Listing of Impairments (the listings) that we use to evaluate claims under titles II and XVI of the Social Security Act (Act) involving endocrine disorders in adults and children. The revisions reflect our adjudicative experience, advances in medical knowledge, information from medical experts, and comments we received from the public in response to an advance notice of proposed rulemaking (ANPRM), a notice of proposed rulemaking (NPRM), and at an outreach policy conference.     

信息失真对公共政策执行的影响及其对策分析

信息是公共政策执行的重要资源和前提条件。信息失真可能影响政策本身及政策执行的公正性、影响政策解释与政策分解、影响政策的准备与实施。客观环境的动态变化、政策执行主客体的主观偏好、语言障碍、认知差异等是引起政策信息失真的主要原因。对此,本文建议通过建立完善的政策信息响应系统、创新组织架构、提高利益平衡度和信息素养、建立信息畅通的政策执行机制等方式,削减信息失真对公共政策执行的负面影响。     

政府应对网络空间的舆论危机及其治理

政府网络空间的舆论危机是网络社会中政府面临的一个新挑战和新课题,政府部门及各级领导干部必须努力适应时代要求,充分发挥网络空间的优势和作用,为政府和公众之间对话与互信提供契机,从而科学地应对和处置危机,稀释危机风险,以在信息时代重塑政府形象,提高政府公信力。     

推进城市化和城乡统筹发展的几个观念辨析

目前推进城市化和城乡统筹发展中出现了有较大争议的三种观念:计划思维、农村落后城市文明、土地换社保。对此我们提出,改变城乡分割局面、实现城乡统筹,需重塑改革共识,创造制度条件确保城乡统筹发展置于一个开放的演化进程:确保农民在城乡统筹建设的规则设计和规则下的选择两个方面的充分参与和自主性;消除制度歧视和权利差别;促进城乡要素双向流动。     

A survey of extraction techniques for drugs of abuse in urine

Sixty nine participants in the United Kingdom national external quality assessment scheme for drugs of abuse in urine reported details of their sample extraction technique by questionnaire. Laboratories were categorised by differences in technique and their analytical test results compared for samples containing D-amfetamine 0.4 (4) and 0.8 (3) mg/l, morphine 0.4 (4) and 0.8 (4)mg/l, and benzoylecgonine 0.15/0.2 (2) and 0.45/0.5 (4) mg/l. Values in parentheses are numbers of samples. For amfetamine, there was no significant difference in the frequency of true positive results between liquid-liquid or solid phase extraction and the Toxi-Lab A system at 0.8 mg/l. Toxi-Lab A gave significantly fewer positives when operating below its specified threshold at 0.4 mg/l. Paradoxically, laboratories using >5 ml urine volume performed less well. Acidification of the extract before volume reduction gave significantly more true positives. For extraction of morphine, solid phase systems significantly outperformed both liquid-liquid and the Toxi-Lab A system at both 0.8 and 0.4 mg/l. No significant differences between extraction techniques were demonstrated for analysis of benzoylecgonine.     

现代应急管理体制设计研究

科学合理且功能完备的应急管理体制对于完善应急管理体系有着举足轻重的作用。本文从应急管理功能的角度出发,考虑现代应急管理体制的设计架构,分别讨论了应急管理体制中的行政责任与社会责任系统、事件响应与评估恢复系统、资源支持与技术保障系统,以及防御避难与救护援助系统的内容和功能,并分析了这四个系统之间的相互关系和作用。     

新农村建设财政投入情况研究

我国农村落后的重要原因在于资本形成不足,而财政投入是资本形成的重要方式之一。开展新农村建以来,财政对"三农"的投入规模明显增加,投入领域不断扩大,公共财政覆盖农村取得了明显进展。但是,由于宏观体制、政策规定和管理制度等不合理,导致新农村建设中财政投入还存在着规模不够大、结构不合理等问题。为了推进新农村建设,需要推进体制改革,加大政府改革力度,改进政府绩效考评办法,进一步调整财政资源配置格局,提高基层政府财力。     

电子政务与制度创新互为因果超循环规律分析

本文依据超循环系统方法论,分析并论证了电子政务与制度创新互为因果关系的演化规律,认为在这种演化中潜藏着一种特质运动规律:互为因果超循环。首先,从微观层面分析,电子政务与制度创新互为因果反应循环是构成其互为因果超循环的基本单元,其互为因果催化循环又是构成其互为因果超循环的"生成元";其次,从宏观层面分析,电子政务与制度创新互为因果超循环主要表现为三种互为因果超循环效应,即互为因果超循环积累效应、互为因果超循环扩散效应和互为因果超循环回波效应;最后,本文提出从建立法治环境、坚持自然理性、遵守实用逻辑三个方面来培育其互为因果超循环生长机制。     

Orthopedic devices; effective data of requirement for premarket approval for hip joint metal/polymer or ceramic/polymer semiconstrained resurfacing cemented prosthesis. Final rule

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is issuing a final rule to require the filing of a premarket approval application (PMA) or a notice of completion of a product development protocol (PDP) for the hip joint metal/polymer or ceramic/polymer semiconstrained resurfacing cemented prosthesis. The agency also is summarizing its proposed findings regarding the degree of risk of illness or injury designed to be eliminated or reduced by requiring the devices to meet the statute's approval requirements and the benefits to the public from the use of the devices. This action implements certain statutory requirements.     

General and plastic surgery devices; classification of silicone sheeting. Final rule

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is classifying silicone sheeting intended for use in the management of closed hyperproliferative (hypertrophic and keloid) scars into class I (general controls). As a class I device, the device will be exempt from premarket notification requirements. This action is taken under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (the act), as amended by the Medical Device Amendments of 1976 (the 1976 amendments), the Safe Medical Devices Act of 1990 (the SMDA), the Food and Drug Administration Modernization Act of 1997 (FDAMA), and the Medical Devices User Fee Modernization Act of 2002 (MDUFMA).