政府购买公共服务模式的比较及解释——一项制度转型研究

政府购买公共服务是我国行政领域中的重大制度转型,而我国政府购买公共服务的目标模式来源于发达国家的实践。本文提出用制度化程度、竞争程度、主体间关系三个指标来描述政府购买模式,其中制度化程度指标尤为重要且影响着另外两个指标。研究发现,国内政府购买的学习标杆只有一种目标模式,但是学习的结果却呈现多元化状态。在路径依赖理论和利益集团理论的基础上,本文建构了初始状态和利益冲突制度转型的分析框架,并结合典型案例对我国政府购买的现状做出理论解释和政策建议。     

我国行政成本现状分析及优化路径

控制和优化行政成本是我国当前行政体制改革的重要内容和途径之一。本文运用公共管理和财政支出的相关理论,对我国行政成本扩张、结构和收益等现状进行分析,对行政成本发展趋势做出判断,并提出控制和优化行政成本的路径选择。     

地方政府结构合理化的三维透视

当前我国地方政府结构优化主要体现在三个层面,即纵向层面的省管县改革、横向层面的区域行政整合和自身的大部门制改革。本文从这三个维度出发,在地方政府结构变革的框架内,探讨了各层面改革的目的、基本走向及其对地方政府结构变化的作用与影响,认为改革体现了政府结构走向合理化的总体趋势。由此提出:只有当地方政府内外整合系统充分发挥作用,地方政府与市场、社会间协调有度,地方政府利益与观念高度同化,地方政府制度衔接性好,地方政府流程顺畅时,才能实现地方政府结构的优化。     

改善创新人才培养教育环境的若干思考

我国已成为高等教育大国,人才培养规模位居世界之首。近年来,我国制定和出台了一系列有利于高校创新人才成长的计划,并取得较好成效。但还要看到高等教育在本科教学实践、教学科研投入以及跨学科、跨实验室参与科研活动等环节方面还很薄弱,制约了学生创新能力的提升。为此,我国高等教育需要进一步明确创新人才培养目标,加强学术规范制度建设和产学研的合作,为创新人才营造健康成长的环境。     

山东半岛服务业发展与职业教育互动研究

山东半岛服务业的快速发展产生了新的人才需求,服务业发展与职业教育存在着广泛的互动关系。本文通过产业结构升级对职业教育的动态影响模型和职业教育对服务业发展的双向影响模型阐述了这种互动关系。文章分析了山东半岛服务业人力资源现状及人才需求状况,并以烟台市福山区为例,提出了山东半岛职业教育调整与改革措施。     

我们应该关注什么:关于公共行政学“大问题”的争论

身份危机一直困扰着公共行政学,由此也产生了诸多关于什么是公共行政学大问题的争论。对公共行政学大问题的回答并不主要依赖于我们的知识视野和理论建构,相反它可能更依赖于我们的信仰,依赖于我们如何认识公共行政在社会中的身份和角色。依据范畴(boundary)、焦点(core)、关键词(key words)与论题(issue)等四个要素,公共行政大问题可界定为三个维度:制度层面的合法行政大问题所回答的是,公共行政始于何处;组织层面的有效行政大问题所回答的是:公共行政自身如何运行;价值层面的责任行政所回答的问题是:公共行政归于何处。公共行政学大问题之所以是一个问题,并不是因为我们找不到答案,而是因为这本身可能就不存在一个标准的答案。公共行政学能否回答这些大问题,与公共行政学的知识获得模式紧密相关,也与研究者的理论自觉有关。     

Amendments to sterility test requirements for biological products. Final rule

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is amending the sterility test requirements for biological products. This rule provides manufacturers of biological products greater flexibility, as appropriate, and encourages use of the most appropriate and state-of-the-art test methods for assuring the safety of biological products. FDA is taking this action as part of its ongoing efforts to comprehensively review and, as necessary, revise its regulations related to biological products.     

Labeling and effectiveness testing; sunscreen drug products for over-the-counter human use; delay of compliance dates. Final rule; delay of compliance dates; request for comments

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is delaying the compliance dates for the final rule for over-the-counter (OTC) sunscreen drug products that published in the Federal Register of June 17, 2011 (76 FR 35620). The final rule establishes labeling and effectiveness testing for certain OTC sunscreen products containing specified active ingredients and marketed without approved applications. It also amends labeling claims that are not currently supported by data and lifts the previously-published delay of implementation of the Drug Facts labeling requirements for OTC sunscreens. The 2011 final rule's compliance dates are being delayed because information received after publication of the 2011 final rule indicates that full implementation of the 2011 final rule's requirements for all affected products will require an additional 6 months. This final rule is part of FDA's ongoing review of OTC drug products.     

Extension of expiration dates for several body systems listings. Final rule

We are extending the expiration dates of the following body systems in the Listing of Impairments (listings) in our regulations: Growth Impairment, Musculoskeletal System, Respiratory System, Cardiovascular System, Digestive System, Hematological Disorders, Skin Disorders, Neurological, and Mental Disorders. We are making no other revisions to these body system listings in this final rule. This extension will ensure that we continue to have the criteria we need to evaluate impairments in the affected body systems at step three of the sequential evaluation processes for initial claims and continuing disability reviews.     

Effective date of requirement for premarket approval for an implantable pacemaker pulse generator. Final rule

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is issuing a final rule to require the filing of a premarket approval application (PMA) or a notice of completion of a product development protocol (PDP) for implantable pacemaker pulse generators. The Agency has summarized its findings regarding the degree of risk of illness or injury designed to be eliminated or reduced by requiring this device to meet the statute's approval requirements and the benefits to the public from the use of the devices. This action implements certain statutory requirements.