全文获取类型
收费全文 | 31913篇 |
免费 | 1413篇 |
专业分类
各国政治 | 1244篇 |
工人农民 | 2008篇 |
世界政治 | 1737篇 |
外交国际关系 | 1034篇 |
法律 | 20715篇 |
中国共产党 | 5篇 |
中国政治 | 153篇 |
政治理论 | 6266篇 |
综合类 | 164篇 |
出版年
2021年 | 121篇 |
2020年 | 501篇 |
2019年 | 548篇 |
2018年 | 1863篇 |
2017年 | 1826篇 |
2016年 | 1734篇 |
2015年 | 665篇 |
2014年 | 664篇 |
2013年 | 2605篇 |
2012年 | 819篇 |
2011年 | 1511篇 |
2010年 | 1587篇 |
2009年 | 1226篇 |
2008年 | 1362篇 |
2007年 | 1295篇 |
2006年 | 735篇 |
2005年 | 683篇 |
2004年 | 783篇 |
2003年 | 650篇 |
2002年 | 610篇 |
2001年 | 859篇 |
2000年 | 799篇 |
1999年 | 632篇 |
1998年 | 353篇 |
1997年 | 282篇 |
1996年 | 302篇 |
1995年 | 298篇 |
1994年 | 272篇 |
1993年 | 274篇 |
1992年 | 442篇 |
1991年 | 469篇 |
1990年 | 442篇 |
1989年 | 435篇 |
1988年 | 446篇 |
1987年 | 423篇 |
1986年 | 464篇 |
1985年 | 453篇 |
1984年 | 391篇 |
1983年 | 373篇 |
1982年 | 270篇 |
1981年 | 237篇 |
1980年 | 210篇 |
1979年 | 320篇 |
1978年 | 195篇 |
1977年 | 164篇 |
1976年 | 129篇 |
1975年 | 149篇 |
1974年 | 175篇 |
1973年 | 142篇 |
1972年 | 130篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
861.
862.
863.
This article analyses the Portuguese presidential elections of January 2016, setting these within the backdrop of recent semi-presidential practice in Portugal. The election took place in the context of an apparent hollowing of the presidency, a pattern that potentially reflects the bailout that marked most of the second term of the outgoing president, Cavaco Silva. This pattern also helps explain the second-order nature of this presidential election. Despite potentially being an ‘open’ election – in that the incumbent had reached term limits – the election was characterised by low citizen mobilisation, low partisan involvement and low competitiveness. The initial two months of the newly elected president, Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa, suggests he is seeking to invert this hollowing pattern by mobilising popular support behind the presidency. 相似文献
864.
The Effects of Local Government Consolidation on Turnout: Evidence from a Quasi‐Experiment in Switzerland 下载免费PDF全文
In the last decades, municipal mergers have been one major element of local government reforms in Switzerland and beyond. In this article, we describe and analyze the political effects of this development. We use a quasi‐experimental setting to test the impact of municipal mergers on electoral participation. We find that in merged municipalities, the decrease in turnout is significantly stronger than in non‐merged municipalities. Further, the effect is more pronounced in relatively small localities. There is a temporal dimension to this effect—that is, turnout drops mainly in the first election after the first merger, but not so much after the second or third merger. Hence, the study provides a skeptical yet differentiated perspective on the democratic consequences of municipal mergers and points to further research avenues to develop a more comprehensive understanding of local government consolidation. 相似文献
865.
Social Justice Research - Acting on one’s moral principles is not always easy. Upholding one’s moral beliefs may run counter to one’s social environment or situational demands. It... 相似文献
866.
Cerver Romero Elvira Ferreira João J. M. Fernandes Cristina I. 《The Journal of Technology Transfer》2021,46(4):1173-1195
The Journal of Technology Transfer - The importance and the definition of an entrepreneurial university (EU), together with the factors that lead to its existence, have been widely discussed in the... 相似文献
867.
Jeffrey J. Harden Justin H. Kirkland Patrick E. Shea 《Legislative Studies Quarterly》2021,46(1):189-218
Open governance requirements are designed to improve accountability, which implies that transparent governments are more trustworthy stewards of their publicly invested power. However, transparency may also reduce institutional effectiveness and inhibit political compromise, diminishing the capacity to manage resources responsibly. We assess empirical support for these competing perspectives in the context of American state legislatures, many of which have become exempt from state sunshine laws in recent decades. We leverage variation in the timing of these legislative exemptions to identify the effect of removing transparency in a crucial governing institution on investors’ risk perceptions of states’ general obligation bonds. Our analysis of these data during the period 1995–2010 suggests that removing legislative transparency reduces state credit risk. We conclude that while openness in government may be normatively desirable, shielding legislative proceedings from public view may actually be better for states’ debt repayment capacity, improving their overall fiscal health. 相似文献
868.
869.
Judith M. Gueron 《Journal of policy analysis and management》1996,15(4):547-561
Responsibility for the social safety net continues to “devolve” from the federal to state governments, and many states are now confronting the dilemmas inherent in redesigning welfare—dilemmas that faced Congress, too, as it sought to impose new conditions on receipt of public assistance. This article argues that reforming AFDC is difficult because the public has conflicting goals: putting welfare recipients to work; protecting their children from severe poverty; and controlling costs. For 25 years, reformers have viewed requiring welfare recipients to participate in work-promoting programs as uniquely able to balance these goals. Numerous studies have shown that this approach modestly increased employment and reduced welfare costs. More substantial gains have been achieved by some “mixed-strategy” programs, which stress immediate job entry for some recipients and employment-directed education or training for others. Many people remain on the rolls, however, prompting some policymakers to argue for substituting work-for-benefits or community service work (“workfare”) for welfare after a certain period of time, and others for ending all support. The limited knowledge about work-for-benefits programs suggests that, in contrast to work-promoting activities, this approach ultimately costs money. The research record confirms that there are no easy answers in welfare reform, and that states will have to weigh the trade-offs in considering alternative strategies. 相似文献
870.
Laura M. Argys Daniel I. Rees Dominic J. Brewer 《Journal of policy analysis and management》1996,15(4):623-645
Schools across the country are ending the practice of grouping students based on ability, in part, because of research indicating that tracking hurts low-ability students without helping students of other ability levels. Using a nationally representative survey conducted by the National Center for Education Statistics, (NCES) we reexamine the impact of tracking on high school student achievement through the estimation of a standard education production function. This approach allows us to control for the possibility that track is correlated with factors such as class size and teacher education. In addition, we address the possibility that there are unobserved student or school characteristics that affect both achievement and track placement. Our results indicate that abolishing tracking in America's schools would have a large positive impact on achievement for students currently in the lower tracks, but that this increase in achievement would come at the expense of students in upper-track classes. 相似文献