The importance of children for the elderly and changes in reproductive behavior (a study of three rural communities in Mexico)

"This study analyzes the importance of children in the care of elderly populations in rural communities [in Mexico].... In particular, the perception of elders about the value of their children is analyzed, especially the role children play in their economic contribution to the household or their instrumental value to it at different stages of their lives.... With respect [to] the condition in which children support their parents in their old age the economic assistance given was studied too. Finally, the preference regarding family size of those 60 years or older [is] given, as well as the view points of women on the need to control fertility and reduce family size. Three different types of cost are studied: the economic cost of supporting and caring for children, the emotional cost of their upbringing and the health cost of multiple pregnancies and births." (SUMMARY IN ENG)     

The world population situation

Population experts appear to be reaching a consensus that there has been a perceptible decline over the last decade in the growth of the world's population. The decline is accounted for by the "new demographic transition" in the less developed countries (LDCs). The decline in fertility rates began in the 1950s in some LDCs and became more widespread during the 1970s. The process has not yet begun in many of the LDCs. During the 1960s it was observed that the declines in birth rates (to levels of 30 of less per 1000) were occurring mostly in small countries. Many of these countries were islands with levels of social and economic development above the developing country average. The key question is whether the recent downward trend in fertility in LDCs will continue, stabilize at the current level, or rise again. A primary concern about the future is that the poorer and less developed countries will end up with an increasing share of the world's population, with the share of the developed countries declining from 34% to 22% over the 1950-2000 period. Considerable differential exists in demographic growth patterns among various regions. The 12 largest LDCs (China, India, Indonesia, Brazil, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Nigeria, Mexico, Vietnam, Philippines, Thailand, Turkey) contain 55% of the current world population, and the fertility decline of these nations is expected to have the maximum impact. 7 of these countries have had fertility declines of 14-35%. The force of the "population momentum" must also be considered. Most developing country populations have a young age distribution with considerable potential for population growth even after the fertility level reaches a replacement level and the net reproduction rate equals 1.     

再论完善经济立法

<正> 经济立法以及它和其他法律部门的区别。在1936年的苏联宪法里溲有经济法的术语。由此或许可以得出结论说,苏联溲有经济法,而只有民法、劳动法、土地法,家庭法等等。但是根据党和政府的决议,经济立法是存在的,而且在发展着,它非常复杂,非常广泛,并且应当完善。我们认为,在实践中广泛使用的"经济的"这一概念是十分确定的。在党和国家最重要的文件里,谈及社会主义经济中各经济组织、企业之间发生的合同和争议时就是说的经济立法、经济关系、经济合同和经济争议。     

日本的有组织犯罪

<正> 有组织犯罪是资本主义国家犯罪现象的特点。日本也不例外。在日本,每年都有上万名与一种"阿飞"暴力组织有关的罪犯被捕。在这方面,1956年是创纪录的一年:共逮捕了82,000名"阿飞"暴力组织成员。根据官方资料,日本共有4,000个"阿飞"暴力组织,人数为92,000人。但是,这些数字尚不能反映出其实情况。     

社会主义财政和财政法

<正> 在社会主义社会,财政和财政法的相互关系和相互作用在本质上具有新的意义。马克思强调指出:"人们按照自己物质生产的发展建立相应的社会关系,正是这些人又按照自己的社会关系创造了相应的原理、观念和范畴"。因此,必须从理论上和方法学上研究财政和财政法对发展生产、生产集约化、提高工作效率和改进工作质量所起作用的复杂过程。在解决这些迫切的任务时,苏维埃社会主义法及其各部门法,其中包括财政法,都起着     

关于恩格斯法学观点的几个问题——纪念恩格斯诞生一百六十周年

<正> 恩格斯是马克思的亲密战友、杰出的革命家、伟大的思想家和卓越的学者。他毕生从事革命改造社会的斗争事业。他对辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义的规律和范畴的论证,有着巨大的功绩。他"第一个说明了无产阶级不只是一个受苦的阶级……,无产阶级的