On the applicability of secondary dentin formation to radiological age estimation in young adults

The literature provides linear regression formulas for dental age estimation that is based on radiological two-dimensional measurements of the pulp size. The aim of the present study was to explore whether the previously presented regression formulas could lead to statistically sound results and to appropriate repeatability when applied to young individuals. Orthopantomograms (OPGs) of 44 Austrian individuals, aged between 13 and 24 years, were selected at random. In accordance with the reported method, six teeth on each OPG were chosen to carry out the measurements. Statistical analysis was performed in order to assess the difference between the estimated and the true chronological age. The regression formulas reported by Kvaal et al. (1995) led to a consistent underestimation; the regression formulas reported by Paewinsky et al. (2005) resulted in a constant overestimation of age. The statistical analysis of intraobserver and interobserver variation revealed a variation width below 2%, respectively.     

The prognostic value of the PCL-R in relation to the SUD treatment ending

Scientific research about patients with substance use disorders (SUD) treated within the context of forensic compulsory addiction treatment is seldom available. Scientifically supported surveys regarding the treatability of SUD patients are rare. Some authors claim that the Psychopathy-Checklist-Revised (PCL-R) has value for predicting therapeutic success. PCL-R scores rely on extensive interview data and a detailed review of criminal records and social history. The scores reflect 1) the affective and interpersonal psychological traits; and 2) socially deviant conduct. This study was conducted by the forensic professional clinic at the hospital for Psychiatry and Neurology Hildburghausen. We assessed 102 male patients using the PCL-R. This investigation evaluated the Total score of the PCL-R and the score of Factor 1 and Factor 2 in relation to the end of treatment by court order. The results showed significant differences between patients who completed treatment and those who did not. Patients that dropped out of treatment had a higher score in PCL-R. With the use of the PCL-R it is possible to make a quantitative statement about which patients will complete treatment.     

Effects of long-term incarceration: a statistical comparison of two expert assessments of two experts at the beginning and the end of incarceration

Several studies have been conducted on the effects of long-term imprisonment on mental health but only few with a longitudinal study design. Those with longitudinal design often have a very short observation period. In this study the data of 87 long-term prisoners have been compared over an average period of 14.6 years. A statistical comparison of two expert assessments of two experts at the beginning and the end of incarceration was made. Changes of mental disorders, of personality and intelligence tests and of physical diseases amongst others have been included in the analysis. The overall rate of psychological disorders decreased. Adjustment disorder had been initially identified in 25.2%. Personality test results described a stabilization of traits like depressive attitude, emotional instability and a decrease of hostility. Neither significant changes on the outcomes of the intelligence test nor significant changes of physical health were found. Though a decrease of psychological morbidity is described, the overall numbers of psychological disorders remain high compared to the non incarcerated population. A damaging effect of long-term imprisonment could not be proven by this study.     

Deconstructing gender: evidence on how programmes address gender inequalities to improve health

A growing body of evidence demonstrates that incorporating approaches to address gender inequality in programmes can lead to improved health outcomes. This article aims to deconstruct the various dimensions of gender and identify how programmes address these domains to improve health. This study draws on a broader systematic review examining the impact of gender-integrated programmes on health outcomes in low- and middle-income countries. We identified 68 programmes meeting our criteria for inclusion. Our analysis found considerable variation in gender domains addressed across programmes, suggesting that more evidence is needed to understand the pathways through which gender-integrated programmes influence health.     

Umweltschutz in den Verfassungen der EU-Mitgliedstaaten Aktuelle Entwicklungen in Frankreich, Griechenland und den neuen Mitgliedstaaten

Angesichts der jüngst zu beobachtenden Dynamik im mitgliedstaatlichen Umweltverfassungsrecht enth?lt der folgende Beitrag in Anknüpfung an die Untersuchung von Thym (NuR 2000, 557 ff.) sowohl eine erforderliche Aktualisierung – insbesondere im Hinblick auf die umfassende Inkorporierung des Umweltschutzes in die franz?sische Verfassung im Jahre 2005 sowie die Erweiterung der EU im Jahre 2004 – als auch eine zukunftsorientierte Analyse des Verfassungsvergleichs mit Blick auf die Normierung des Umweltschutzes in der „Charta der Grundrechte der Europ?ischen Union (GRC)“     

No Just War: Political Reflections on Australian Churches' Condemnation of the Iraq War

This paper analyses the potentially positive role churches can play in encouraging public debate and moral reasoning on security matters. In particular, it explores Australian churches' vocal condemnation of Australia's involvement in the Iraq war through examining responses of spokespersons from the three largest Christian churches in Australia, namely Catholic, Anglican and Uniting Churches. It examines three types of reasons given for the condemnation: legal explanations of the lack of a plausible justification for war without UN sanctions; religious and moral reasons that defend peace and reconciliation; and political reasons that a war led by the “Christian West” increases global enmity and the likelihood of terrorism. I situate this analysis within just war theory. I suggest that churches can play an important social role in fostering tolerance, inter‐faith dialogue and peace.