Third World debt continues to be a critical and intractable issue. A particularly interesting aspect of the story is the effort
by external donors and lenders to promote specific policy changes in exchange for assistance in dealing with indebtedness
and promoting economic development. This study looks at the interactions between donors and decision-makers in sub-Saharan
African countries, an area where donors rather than private banks play a dominant role. Donors have been learning from the
uneven response to the reforms and are attempting to tailor the reforms somewhat to different contexts and to encourage more
consultations. To succeed in these efforts they need to reexamine their view of analysis as a purely technocratic exercise
among experts. They can learn from recent changes in the policy sciences, here called an interactive approach to policy analysis.
It makes three assumptions: policy relevant knowledge includes time and space information and is diffused; participants can
reason together and learn from each other; and there is a need for procedures and institutions to facilitate interaction and
learning. The study explores the assumptions implicit in donor actions and proposes that an interactive approach, with its
more open-ended perspective on knowledge, can stimulate greater dialogue and expand the kinds of information that are fed
into the process.
Louise G. White is associate professor in the department of public affairs at George Mason University, Fairfax VA 22030–4444.
Her research is in the general areas of development management and policy analysis. Her most recent books areCreating Opportunities for Change: Approaches for Managing Development Programs, andPolitical Analysis: Technique and Practice. She has recently published articles inPublic Administration Review andWorld Development. 相似文献
We describe a novel method for rapidly identifying and distinguishing between different DNA sequences using short tandem repeat (STR) analysis and DNA microarrays. The method can be used to deduce identity, length, and number of STRs of the target molecule. We refer to this technique as the "variable-length probe array" method for STR profiling (VLPA). The method involves hybridization of the unknown STR target sequence to a DNA microarray displaying complementary probes that vary in length to cover the range of possible STRs. A post-hybridization enzymatic digestion of the DNA hybrids is then used to selectively remove labeled single-stranded regions of DNA from the microarray surface. The number of repeats in the unknown target is then deduced based on the pattern of target DNA that remains hybridized to the array. This DNA profiling technique is useful for performing forensic analysis to uniquely identify individual humans or other species. 相似文献
AbstractDonetsk and Luhansk are often labeled pro-Russian regions as a result of the founding of Peoples’ Republics there in spring 2014. This article investigates popular opinion in Donbas before armed conflict began, to determine whether the high concentration of ethnic Russians there drove support for separatism. Analysis of a KIIS opinion poll shows that, on the one hand, ethnic Russian respondents were divided on most separatist issues, with a minority backing separatist positions. On the other hand, they supported separatist issues in larger numbers than both ethnic Ukrainians and respondents with hybrid identities. Thus, while ethnic identity does not produce polarized preferences, it is relevant in shaping political attitudes. Also, analysis of an original database of statements made by Donbas residents indicate that they were motivated to support separatism by local concerns exacerbated by a sense of abandonment by Kyiv rather than by Russian language and pro-Russian foreign policy issues. 相似文献
Gradualist choice with question marks: an international panel of economists on the Hungarian transition
Istvan P. Szekely & David M. G. Newbery (eds), Hungary: An Economy in Transition. Cambridge, New York, Melbourne: Cambridge University Press 1993.
Joseph Held, ed., Democracy and Right‐Wing Politics in Eastern Europe in the 1990s. New York: Columbia University Press, 1993, vi + 232 pp., $40.50.
Stephen K. Batalden ed., Seeking God: The Recovery of Religious Identity in Orthodox Russia, Ukraine and Georgia. DeKalb, IL, Northern Illinois University Press, 1993, ix + 299 pp., $32.00.
K. Kaariainen, Atheism and Perestroika. Helsinki, Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia, 1993, 189 pp., Finmarks 140.00.
Börje Ljunggren ed., The Challenge of Reform in Indochina. Boston, MA: Harvard Studies in International Development, Harvard University Press, 1993.
Valery Boldin, Ten Years that Shook the World. The Gorbachev Era as Witnessed by his Chief of Staff. London: Harper Collins, 1994, viii + 310 pp., £10.99, $25.00. 相似文献
On the third of October 1845, in a small mountain community in Kentucky, Abner Baker, Jr., MD, was executed for the murder of his brother-in-law Daniel Bates. At the trial Baker's attorney argued unsuccessfully that at the time of the crime the accused suffered from monomania, a form of mental disease, and therefore should not be held responsible for the act. The trial bears historical significance by the fact that it took place only a year after the formation of the Association of Medical Superintendents of American Institutions for the Insane, the first professional organization of psychiatrists in the United States, and two years after the McNaughtan ruling in British jurisprudence which molded the insanity plea around the concept of "knowing right from wrong." Because it took place at this particular juncture in the history of both law and medicine, it provides a revealing portrait of how medical and legal concepts on insanity interacted with the indigenous social and political circumstances of antebellum America. 相似文献
This article demonstrates how the United States can use the free-trade legal structure to diversify the nation's energy portfolio by importing jatropha plants from southern Mexico for use as biofuel. The North American Free Trade Agreement has created a free trade zone among Canada, Mexico, and the United States, so jatropha imports from Mexico are not subject to tariff. This article contends that the United States and Mexico can change two of their legal devices, PROCAMPO and ethanol subsidies for U.S. farmers, to facilitate jatropha trade. Thus, the United States can diversify its energy market by using an abundant and easily accessible resource. 相似文献
The originators of the Miami drug court incorporated acupuncture into the substance abuse treatment regimen that has been
widely imitated in hundreds of drug courts since 1989. Although there is some evidence to suggest that acupuncture may be
an effective adjunct to treatment more generally, research has not yet examined its role and impact in the drug court setting.
This paper describes an effort to study the impact of acupuncture on offender behavior and progress in treatment in the Clark
County, (Las Vegas) Nevada Drug Court using a prospective modified experiment, where 336 new participants were randomly assigned
to acupuncture and no-acupuncture conditions. However, significant treatment contamination hindered straightforward analysis,
as nearly 40% of the control group received at least some acupuncture. To compensate for the treatment compliance problem,
two-stage least-squares (2SLS) regression is employed with original group assignment as an instrumental variable and acupuncture
exposure as a predictor. Results indicate no significant difference along a range of criminal justice and treatment outcomes,
with the exception of one measure of treatment progress. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications of the
findings and the need to design studies that are better able to separate the effects of acupuncture from other treatment and
court interventions. 相似文献
The shift of the juvenile justice system from its initial rehabilitative ideal toward a more punitive orientation highlights the need to systematically document key elements of the juvenile drug court model. In particular, it is important to clearly document the role of the juvenile court judge because he or she is considered vital to this program model. The current study used participant observation as well as confidential questionnaires on which youth shared their perceptions of the judge. Findings show the judge‐participant interactions typically were brief, varied by the participants' level of compliance with the program, and that sanctions were given twice as often as rewards. Youth perceived the judge to be fair, respectful, and concerned about their lives. Discussion focuses on the significant opportunity that juvenile drug court judges have for positively influencing the lives of drug‐involved youth. 相似文献