On the Nature of Tolerance: Dichotomous or Continuous?*

The purpose of this article is to reconsider the claim made recently by Mondak and Sanders that political tolerance ought to be thought to be a dichotomous rather than continuous variable. Using data from both Russia and the United States, I demonstrate that those Mondak and Sanders regard as uniquely tolerant are most likely no more than people who were given insufficient opportunity to express their intolerance. Even if such a phenomenon of “absolute tolerance” exists (all ideas expressed in all ways are to be tolerated), it is sufficiently rare that few practical implications are indicated for those doing empirical work on political tolerance and intolerance. * I appreciate the valuable comments of Jeffcry Mondak on an earlier version of this paper.     

Neither Seen Nor Heard: Children's Citizenship in Contemporary Democracies*

This article addresses the subject of children's citizenship in liberal democracies. While children may lack full capability to act in the capacity of citizens, the political status to which they have been relegated leaves much to be desired. Paternalist policies dictate that children be represented politically by their parents, leaving them as or more vulnerable and excluded from private life as women were under coverture. Lacking independent representation or a voice in politics, children and their interests often fail to be understood because the adults who do represent them conflate, or substitute, their own views for those of children. Compounding this damage is the tendency for democratic societies to view children not as an ever-present segment of the populace, but rather as future adults. This encourages disregard for children's interests. Until democratic societies establish a better-defined and comprehensive citizenship for children, along with methods for representation that are sensitive to the special political circumstances faced by children, young people will remain ill-governed and neglected by democratic politics.     

无私的爱 伟大的人——追忆同济大学中德学院前副院长哈尼施

亲爱的哈尼施先生,您在天堂还好么? 一别已经快两年了,先生,您的身体好些了么?记得2003年的6月26日,我们大家为您举行告别晚会,您还笑着说9月份要再来上海.可是,与此相隔不到两个月,噩耗传来,您因心脏病突发,于2003年8月21日,永远离开了我们.     

资产证券化的运作模式和发展建议

资产证券化是世界金融领域里重大的金融创新和极具活力的金融工具,在近三四十年来取得迅猛发展.我国今年正式启动了资产证券化试点,但存在一些法律障碍和制度安排的缺失.需要分析资产证券化的基本运作模式,提出目前资产证券化在一些重要环节还存在的问题及克服这些障碍的相关建议.     

警察巡逻综合执法的必要性探讨

警察巡逻综合执法就是警察在巡逻过程中依据《警察法》的规定,合理归并警务职能,实行警察巡逻综合执法。这种整合警察的勤务职能,实行警察职责范围内的巡逻综合执法,是十分必要的。警察巡逻综合执法是解决警力不足的有效途径,是整合警务职能的合理机制,是顺应民心所向的发展趋势,是降低执法成本的优化形式。     

国防工业运行中的政府与市场有效组合及制约因素

国防工业运行中政府与市场的有效组合,是充分发挥政府和市场功能,提高国防工业运行效率和武器装备科研生产效率的必然要求。实现政府与市场的有效组合,要求合理确定政府与市场的组合模式,界定政府与市场的作用边界。国防工业运行中政府与市场的有效组合,通常受到军工生产分工协作与发展水平、军工产权制度与特定经济体制、军品特征及项目生命周期等因素的制约。     

试论法律援助与法律资源分配不公问题

我国法律资源分配中存在着分配不公问题。其中,最主要问题就是法律资源分配不平衡,突出表现在诉讼案件当事人之间法律资源配置不均。这种法律资源分配不公状况直接影响着司法公正,进而影响到社会公平正义和社会和谐稳定。而法律援助为解决法律资源分配不公问题提供了有效的解决途径。以法律援助的方式对法律资源进行再分配．不仅能够从总量上调控法律资源的不平衡性,而且能够达到法律资源利用的最大效益,并进而增进公众福利．促进社会和谐发展。     

Analysis of sensitivity and specificity: precise recognition of neutrophils during regeneration of contused skeletal muscle in rats

In this report, we applied the TissueFAXS 200 digital pathological analysis system to rapidly and accurately identify neutrophils during regeneration of contused skeletal muscle, and to provide information for follow-up studies on neutrophils to estimate wound age. Rat injury model was established, and skeletal muscle samples were obtained from the control group and contusion groups at 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, and 6 h, as well as at 1, 3, 5, and 15 d post-injury (n = 5 per group). The expression of nuclei and neutrophils was detected by hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining and immunohistochemical (IHC) staining. A total of 20 injury site areas of 0.25 mm² (0.5 mm × 0.5 mm) were then randomly selected at all time points. A TissueFAXS 200 digital pathological analysis system was used to identify the positive and negative numbers. Knowledge of five professional medical workers were considered the gold standard to measure the false positive rate (FPR), false negative rate (FNR), sensitivity, specificity, and area under the curve (AUC) of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. As a result, with a staining area of neutrophils from 8 µm² to 15 µm², the FPR was 4.28%–12.14%, the FNR was 12.42%–64.08%, the sensitivity was 35.92%–87.58%, the specificity was 87.86%–95.72%, the Youden index was 0.316–0.754, the accuracy was 82.80%–88.30%, and the AUC was 0.771–0.826. The AUC was largest when the cut-off value of the staining area was 12 µm². Our results show that this software-based method is more accurate than the human eye in evaluating neutrophil infiltration. Based on the sensitivity and specificity, neutrophils can be accurately identified during regeneration of contused skeletal muscle. The TissueFAXS 200 digital pathological analysis system can also be used to optimize conditions for different cell types under various injury conditions to determine the optimal cut-off value of the staining area and provide optimal conditions for further study. Furthermore, it will provide evidence for forensic pathology cases.