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81.
Prior research indicates that while statistically significant differences exist between subcategories of the adult soft tissue depth data, magnitudes of difference are small and possess little practical meaning when measurement errors and variations between measurement methods are considered. These findings raise questions as to what variables may or may not hold meaning for the sub-adult data. Of primary interest is the effect of age, as these differences have the potential to surpass the magnitude of measurement error. Data from the five studies in the literature on sub-adults which describe values for single integer age groups were pooled and differences across the ages examined. From 1 to 18 years, most soft tissue depth measurements increased by less than 3 mm. These results suggest that dividing the data for children into more than two age groups is unlikely to hold many advantages. Data were therefore split into two groups with the division point corresponding to the mid-point of the observed trends and main data density (0-11 and 12-18 years; division point = 11.5 years). Published sub-adult data for seven further studies which reported broader age groups were pooled with the data above to produce the final tallied soft tissue depth tables. These tables hold the advantages of increased sample sizes (pogonion has greater than 1770 individuals for either age group) and increased levels of certainty (as random and opposing systematic errors specific to each independent study should average out when the data are combined). 相似文献
82.
James McGuire Charlotte A. L. Bilby Ruth M. Hatcher Clive R. Hollin Juliet Hounsome Emma J. Palmer 《Journal of Experimental Criminology》2008,4(1):21-40
This paper reports the outcome of a 17-month follow-up of structured, community-based, offence-focused, intervention programmes
designed to reduce rates of re-conviction amongst adjudicated offenders under probation supervision. Three separate programmes
were examined, all derived from a cognitive social learning model of risk factors for repeated involvement in crime. Using
a quasi-experimental design, the study compared male offenders who had completed programmes (n = 215) with a non-completion group (n = 181), a group allocated to programmes but who had not commenced them (n = 339), and a control sample (n = 194) not allocated to the programmes. Outcome data analysis employed (a) an “intent to treat” between-group comparison,
(b) “treatment received” methodology. In order to take account of selection bias, data were further analysed using instrumental
variables and propensity scores; results suggested a possible treatment effect for moderate and higher-risk cases. Factors
influencing different interpretations of these findings were considered.
James McGuire is Professor of Forensic Clinical Psychology and Director of the Doctor of Clinical Psychology programme at the University of Liverpool, UK. He also holds an honorary post as consultant clinical psychologist in Mersey Care NHS Trust. He has conducted research in probation services, prisons, and other settings on aspects of psychosocial interventions with offenders; and has written or edited 14 books and numerous other publications on this and related issues. He worked for some years in a high-security hospital and has carried out psycho-legal work involving assessment of offenders for courts, for hearings of the Mental Health Review Tribunal, the Parole Board, and for the Criminal Cases Review Commission. In addition he has been involved in a range of consultative work with criminal justice agencies in the UK, Sweden, Romania, Canada, Australia and Hong Kong. Charlotte Bilby is a Lecturer in Criminology at the University of Leicester. Her research interests include the role and politics of evaluation in UK criminal justice policy making, offenders’ experiences of probation and the processes of offender rehabilitation, reform and management. Ruth Hatcher is a Lecturer in Forensic Psychology at the University of Leicester. Her research interests include the evaluation of offending behaviour programmes within community and custodial settings, the investigation of predictors and correlates of attrition from community offending behaviour programmes, bullying behaviour within custodial settings, and the psychological impact of working with forensic populations. Clive R. Hollin is Professor of Criminological Psychology in the School of Psychology at The University of Leicester, UK. He wrote the best-selling textbook Psychology and Crime: An Introduction to Criminological Psychology (1989, Routledge). His most recent book, edited with Emma Palmer, is Offending Behaviour Programmes: Development, Application, and Controversies (2006, John Wiley & Sons). He is co-editor of the journal Psychology, Crime, & Law. Alongside his various university appointments, he has worked as a psychologist in prisons, special hospitals, and regional secure units. In 1998 he received The Senior Award for Distinguished Contribution to the Field of Legal, Criminological and Forensic Psychology from The British Psychological Society. Juliet Hounsome graduated with a B.Sc. in Applied Psychology from John Moores University, Liverpool, in 1997 and obtained an M.Sc. in Psychological Research Methods from Lancaster University in 1999. She subsequently worked at the Centre for Public Health, John Moores University, conducting research on the trends of drug misuse in Merseyside over a 10-year period. From 2002 until 2005 she held research posts, first at Liverpool and then as a Fellow at Leicester University, working on a large-scale re-conviction study funded by the Home Office that aimed to evaluate the National Probation Directorate Pathfinder programmes. Her current post is as a systematic reviewer with the Liverpool Reviews and Implementation Group, conducting assessments for the Health Technology Assessment Programme and the National Institute of Health and Clinical Excellence. Emma J. Palmer is a Reader in Forensic Psychology at the University of Leicester. Her research interests include the roles of parenting and social cognition (including moral reasoning) in the development of offending, assessment of offender risk and need, the design and evaluation of interventions for offenders, and interpersonal violence among prisoners. She has recently co-edited a book with Clive Hollin titled Offending Behaviour Programmes: Development, Applications, and Controversies (2006, Wiley). 相似文献
James McGuireEmail: |
James McGuire is Professor of Forensic Clinical Psychology and Director of the Doctor of Clinical Psychology programme at the University of Liverpool, UK. He also holds an honorary post as consultant clinical psychologist in Mersey Care NHS Trust. He has conducted research in probation services, prisons, and other settings on aspects of psychosocial interventions with offenders; and has written or edited 14 books and numerous other publications on this and related issues. He worked for some years in a high-security hospital and has carried out psycho-legal work involving assessment of offenders for courts, for hearings of the Mental Health Review Tribunal, the Parole Board, and for the Criminal Cases Review Commission. In addition he has been involved in a range of consultative work with criminal justice agencies in the UK, Sweden, Romania, Canada, Australia and Hong Kong. Charlotte Bilby is a Lecturer in Criminology at the University of Leicester. Her research interests include the role and politics of evaluation in UK criminal justice policy making, offenders’ experiences of probation and the processes of offender rehabilitation, reform and management. Ruth Hatcher is a Lecturer in Forensic Psychology at the University of Leicester. Her research interests include the evaluation of offending behaviour programmes within community and custodial settings, the investigation of predictors and correlates of attrition from community offending behaviour programmes, bullying behaviour within custodial settings, and the psychological impact of working with forensic populations. Clive R. Hollin is Professor of Criminological Psychology in the School of Psychology at The University of Leicester, UK. He wrote the best-selling textbook Psychology and Crime: An Introduction to Criminological Psychology (1989, Routledge). His most recent book, edited with Emma Palmer, is Offending Behaviour Programmes: Development, Application, and Controversies (2006, John Wiley & Sons). He is co-editor of the journal Psychology, Crime, & Law. Alongside his various university appointments, he has worked as a psychologist in prisons, special hospitals, and regional secure units. In 1998 he received The Senior Award for Distinguished Contribution to the Field of Legal, Criminological and Forensic Psychology from The British Psychological Society. Juliet Hounsome graduated with a B.Sc. in Applied Psychology from John Moores University, Liverpool, in 1997 and obtained an M.Sc. in Psychological Research Methods from Lancaster University in 1999. She subsequently worked at the Centre for Public Health, John Moores University, conducting research on the trends of drug misuse in Merseyside over a 10-year period. From 2002 until 2005 she held research posts, first at Liverpool and then as a Fellow at Leicester University, working on a large-scale re-conviction study funded by the Home Office that aimed to evaluate the National Probation Directorate Pathfinder programmes. Her current post is as a systematic reviewer with the Liverpool Reviews and Implementation Group, conducting assessments for the Health Technology Assessment Programme and the National Institute of Health and Clinical Excellence. Emma J. Palmer is a Reader in Forensic Psychology at the University of Leicester. Her research interests include the roles of parenting and social cognition (including moral reasoning) in the development of offending, assessment of offender risk and need, the design and evaluation of interventions for offenders, and interpersonal violence among prisoners. She has recently co-edited a book with Clive Hollin titled Offending Behaviour Programmes: Development, Applications, and Controversies (2006, Wiley). 相似文献
83.
Natasha Hamilton-Hart Blair Palmer 《Studies in Comparative International Development (SCID)》2017,52(4):416-435
How do we explain high rates of investment in the production of oil palm in Indonesia under conditions of legal uncertainty and uneven protection of property rights? This article argues that what are commonly seen as deficiencies in the formal institutional environment actually enabled investment, but only when informal institutions were able to provide investor assurances. Although the finding that informal institutions provide investor assurances is not new, this study addresses outstanding questions about how such informal institutions work. An examination of the micro-level details of informal institutions in the oil palm industry shows that informal institutions frequently grouped under umbrella terms such as ‘patronage’ or ‘relational ties’ are not uniform. Rather, two types of informal relational tie operate to provide investor assurances: clientelistic and co-investment. Although they serve similar purposes, clientelistic ties work well only under restrictive conditions and are vulnerable to decay. Co-investment, in contrast, is a more robust informal institution, especially when political power is fragmented. Although co-investment provides investor assurances under conditions of legal uncertainty, it remains a particularistic solution and does not guarantee generalized public interest protections. 相似文献
84.
Maurice Olderiks B.Sc. Martin Baiker Ph.D. Jill van Velzen B.Sc. Jaap van der Weerd Ph.D. 《Journal of forensic sciences》2015,60(2):428-434
Manual recovery of spray paints from textiles using a microscope, the routine method in many laboratories, is often laborious. Beating the clothing with a plastic rod, the routine method used for recovery of glass traces within the authors’ laboratory, is proposed as an alternative. The efficiency of the method was evaluated by spray tests with fluorescent paint. In these tests, paint particles in the acquired debris samples, as well as those remaining on the textiles, were investigated. The results show that beating is an efficient way to recover and concentrate paint particles. A good efficiency for jeans fabric and rough knitwear is reported. The results appeared to be less satisfactory for smooth woven fabric. Application of the method in casework was effective for graffiti paints as well as for flaked car paint. 相似文献
85.
Visualization of Latent Blood Stains Using Visible Reflectance Hyperspectral Imaging and Chemometrics 下载免费PDF全文
Gerda J. Edelman M.Sc. Ton G. van Leeuwen Ph.D. Maurice C. Aalders Ph.D. 《Journal of forensic sciences》2015,60(Z1):S188-S192
The detection of latent traces is an important aspect of crime scene investigation. Blood stains on black backgrounds can be visualized using chemiluminescence, which is invasive and requires a darkened room, or near-infrared photography, for which investigators need to change filters manually to optimize contrast. We demonstrated the performance of visible reflectance hyperspectral imaging (400–720 nm) for this purpose. Several processing methods were evaluated: single wavelength bands, ratio images, principal component analysis (PCA), and “SIMPLe-to-use Interactive Self-modeling Mixture Analysis” (SIMPLISMA). Using these methods, we were able to enhance the contrast between blood stains and 12 different fabrics. On black cotton, blood dilutions were visible with a minimal concentration of 25% of whole blood. The hyperspectral camera system used in this study is portable and wireless, which makes it suitable for crime scene use. The described technique is noncontact and nondestructive, so all traces are preserved for further analysis. 相似文献
86.
The purpose of this article is to explore various factors that may regulate or stabilize levels in market offenses. Instead
of assuming that illegal markets are ‘out of control’, evidence is advanced to demonstrate, on the contrary, that there are
indeed limits to growth in criminal markets. This is presented along three principal and interconnected arguments. First,
social norms limit the ability of suppliers to shape demand for illicit goods and services. Using public opinion surveys,
it is concluded that the more objectionable the moral status of an illegal market, the smaller the pool of potential consumers
and sellers. Second, there are considerable obstacles that confront suppliers of illegal goods and services accumulating capital
and upward mobility. The consequences of product illegality inhibit the organizational growth capacities as well as the geographic
expansion of illicit firms. Third, while impunity via corruptible alliances do cancel some of the effects of product illegality,
this impunity is not a constant that can always be depended upon. To the extent that corruption varies across jurisdictions
and over time, illegal entrepreneurs may come to realize that impunity is intrinsically limited in scope and volatile in nature
and over which they essentially have very limited control.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
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90.
In this study, the effects of fibre type, hair style, time and fibre persistence on the secondary transfer of mask fibres to pillowcases via head hair were studied. Volunteers with a range of hair styles, and masks consisting of different fibre compositions were used in the study. Fibres from the masks were found to transfer from donor subjects to the pillowcases up to 14 nights after the mask had been worn. On average, the number of secondarily transferred fibres found decreased with time; however, this decrease appeared to be more 'linear' in nature, rather than an exponential decay. The greatest degree of secondary transfer occurred with cotton, then acrylic, then wool. In a primary transfer/persistence experiment with a 50% acrylic/50% wool mask, wool was found to persist in the hair more readily than acrylic. The results also showed that the greatest degree of secondary transfer occurred via short straight and long straight hair, with no clear pattern emerging between medium length hair (both straight and curly) and with long curly hair. The implications of these findings for the assessment and interpretation of casework are considered along with data obtained from related studies. 相似文献