The multidimensionality of crime: A comparison of techniques for scaling delinquent careers

The construction of typologies of criminal behavior can benefit from the use of multidimensional analytic methods. Yet while some studies have applied such techniques to crime data (e.g., Shortet al, 1963; Nutch and Bloombaum, 1968; Chaiken and Chaiken, 1982), few have examined the assumptions of these methods as they apply to arrest histories. We argue that arrest histories represent a special form of data that are not ideally suited to standard multidimensional analyses. An examination of the different theoretical assumptions of factor analysis, multidimensional scaling, and variance centroid scaling (a form of correspondence analysis) reveals marked difierences in what is being uncovered by the analysis. In general, these claims are supported by an application of each technique to the arrest histories of 767 chronic juvenile delinquents.     

Measuring Neoliberalism: Development and Initial Validation of a Scale of Anti-Neoliberal Attitudes

Critics of neoliberalism argue that so-called meritocratic and identity-neutral social policies and political positions actually reinforce and exacerbate intersecting inequalities, namely racism, sexism, heterosexism, classism, and ethnocentrism/xenophobia. The purpose of these studies was to develop and initially validate a scale of neoliberal attitudes from a wide range of existing instruments that reflect anti-neoliberal theory. A series of three studies resulted in a 25-item instrument—the Anti-Neoliberal Attitudes Scale (ANAS)—that exhibits initial evidence of construct validity, internal consistency, and test–retest reliability. Exploratory factor analysis with students from two universities revealed a four-factor structure of Racism and Sexism Awareness, Communitarian Values, Multicultural Ideology, and Inequality Consciousness. However, a confirmatory factor analysis with an independent sample of undergraduate students suggests a bifactor model in which the general factor explains most of the variance and that the instrument should be treated as a single scale, rather than independent subscales. Significant correlations with measures of right-wing authoritarianism and social dominance orientation suggest convergent validity. Temporal stability was established via a test–retest analysis in an independent sample of undergraduate students. Finally, responses from a sample of MTurk workers provided evidence of the ANAS’s incremental validity when compared to an existing measure of neoliberal beliefs. Implications for future empirical work on the psychological dimensions of neoliberalism are discussed.

     

VALUE TRADE-OFFS AND PRODUCTIVITY: THE TRANSPOLITICIZATION OF THE U.S. POSTAL SERVICE

The political values in the American public sector are presented through the case of the postal system and i t s reorganization In 1971. This change (from the Post Office Department to the United States Postal Service) reflected an attempt to '8depoliticize11 and professlonalize postal operations. The article suggests that the results have been the TRANSpoliticization of the postal system to a corporate model of behavior and political influence, and have led to the limitation of any broadly considered public role. This i s evident in the consideration of employment and the emphasis on productivity. The corporate model undermines the public nature of the post office, and the connection between postal service and public benefits.     

Book reviews and notes

SALE AND HIRE PURCHASE. By J. K. Macleod. [Butterworths. 1971. 449 pp. £4.50 (casebound); £3.20 (limp).]

THE MODERN LAW OF CHARITIES. By G. W. Keeton and L. A. Sheridan. Second Edition. [Northern Ireland Legal Quarterly Inc., Belfast. 1971. 389 pp. £5.95.]

INTRODUCTION TO COMPANY LAW. By J. F. Northey and L. H. Leigh. [Butterworths. 1971. 345 pp. (inc. index). £1.50.]

THE CONFLICT OF LAWS. By J. H. C. Morris. [Stevens & Sons. 1971. 570 pp. £5.00 (bound); £3.25 (paperback).]

AN INTRODUCTION TO ENGLISH LEGAL HISTORY. By J. M. Baker. [Butter‐worths. 1971. 330 pp. (inc. index). £2.00.]

A GUIDE TO THE INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS ACT 1971. By C. G. Heath. [Sweet & Maxwell, W. Green & Son. 1971. xx and 256 pp. (inc. index). £300.]

INDIVIDUAL EMPLOYMENT LAW. By B. A. Hepple and Paul O'Higgins. [Sweet & Maxwell. 1971. xxii and 203 pp. (inc. index). £3.50 (hardback); £2.25 (paperback).]

PRINCIPLES OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT LAW. By CA. Cross. Fourth Edition. [Sweet and Maxwell. 1971. lxvi and 518 and 32 pp. (index). £4.50 (bound); £2.50 (paperback).]

PERSONAL PROPERTY. By H. W. Wilkinson. [Sweet and MaxwelL 1971. £300 (hardback); £1.75 (paperback).]

ADVANCED LEVEL LAW. By Barry Jones. [Sweet & Maxwell. 1971. xvii and 157 pp. (inc. index). £1.75 (bound); £1.10 (paperback).]

THE ENGLISH LEGAL SYSTEM. By K. J. Eddey. [Sweet & Maxwell. 1971. vi and 191 pp. (inc. index). £2.50 (bound); £1.15 (paperback).]

QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ON A LEVEL LAW. By Vincent Powell‐Smith. Second edition. [Butterworths, 1971. xiv and 174 pp. 80p.]

THE GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF LAW. By Clive Davies. [Sweet & Maxwell. 1972. xvi and 117 pp. 75p.]

GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF SCOTS LAW. By Enid A. Marshall. [W. Green & Son Ltd. 1971. xxi and 519 pp. (inc. index). £5 (bound); £3.50 (paperback).]

PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF SCOTS LAW. By James W. Coull and Eric W. Merry. [Butterworth & Co. 1971. xxiv and 285 pp. (inc. index). £3 (limp); £4.60 (cased).]

ADMINISTRATION UNDER LAW. A Report by a Justice Committee under the Chairmanship of Keith Goodfeflow, Q.C. [Stevens & Sons. 1971. 39 pp. 75p.]

TANGLING WITH THE LAW. By F. A. R. Bennion. [Chatto & Windus Ltd., Charles Knight & Co. Ltd. 1970. vii and 158 pp. (inc. index and appendices). 75p (paperback); £1.50 (hardback).]

THE ENGLISH JUDGE. By Henry Cecil [Stevens & Sons. 1970. xi and 177 pp. (inc. index). £1.75.]

OCCUPIERS’ LIABILITY. By P. M. North. [Butterworth & Co. 1971. xxxviii and 238 pp. (inc. index). £3.60.]

WINFIELD AND JOLOWICZ ON TORT. By J. A. Jolowicz, with T. Ellis Lewis and D. M. Harris. Ninth edition. [Sweet & Maxwell. 1971. xlvii and 692 pp. (inc. index). £5.50 (hardback); £3.20 (paperback).]

CASES AND MATERIALS ON CONTRACT. By R. E. McGarvie, C. L. Pannam and P. J. Hocker. Second edition. [The Law Book Co., Australia. 1971. xl and 1,069 pp. (inc. index). £8.75 (hardback); £7.25 (paperback).]

AUSTRALIAN MERCANTILE LAW. By Sir Keith Yorston and Edward E. Fortescue. Fourteenth edition. By P. E. Powell. [Law Book Co., Australia. 1971. xxx and 678 pp. (inc. index). £5.50 (bound); £3.85 (paperback).]

SWEET & MAXWELL'S GUIDE TO A CAREER IN THE. LAW. Seventh edition. [1971. vii and 85 pp. (inc. index). £1.50 (hardback); 65p (paperback).]

STROUD'S JUDICIAL DICTIONARY. VOLUME 1, A.‐C. By John S. James. Fourth edition. [Sweet & Maxwell. 1971. xiv and 671 pp. £10.50.]

REVENUE LAW. By Barry Pinson. Fifth edition. [Sweet & Maxwell. 1971. lxvi and 641 pp. (inc. index). £5.75 (hardback); £3.30 (paperback).]

THE YEARBOOK OF WORLP AFFAIRS 1971. [Stevens & Sons, xvi and 343 pp. One. index). £500.]

THE MODERN LAW REVIEW: INDEX TO VOLUMES 1–33. [Stevens & Sons. 1971. ix and 118 pp. £2.50 (free to 1971 subscribers).]

ODGERS ON PLEADING AND PRACTICE. By G. F. Harwood. Twentieth edition. [Stevens & Sons. 1971. xlii and 555 pp. (inc. index). £4.25.]

ATTACHMENT OF EARNINGS. By M. R. Freedland. [Jordan & Sons. 1971. ix and 33 pp. (with Appendix, 30 pp.). 75p.]

SOUND INVESTMENT. By P. G. P. DEW. Third edition. [Jordan & Sons. 1971. vii and 37 pp. 40p.]     

The Reliability of Swipe/Wipe Classification and Directionality Determination Methods in Bloodstain Pattern Analysis

Swipe and wipe are types of transfer patterns commonly encountered at bloodied scenes. So far, there have been little published data on the reliability of evaluating these patterns. In this study, 36 bloodstain patterns were randomly assigned to 12 analysts in three separate trials, and the analysts were required to evaluate the pattern type and directionality. The results revealed that correct classifications of patterns type were problematic, with an overall error rate of 32%. Wipes created from wet bloodstains were the most difficult to identify due to the absence of signs of alteration. The directionality of swipes made with a gloved finger had a 100% success rate; however, for swipes made with cloth, the analysts mistook the direction in nearly every case, which is of significant concern, considering these are common patterns at crime scenes. This study suggested there is a need for revising the current protocols for interpretation of these pattern types.     

The role of intellectual property management education in a technology management curriculum

Should intellectual property (IP) management be considered a required course in Technology Management curricula? If so, what knowledge and skills should be conveyed in a one-semester course? What is the best way to teach this material? This paper presents evidence that intellectual property management should be of central importance to technology management (TM) programs and that professionally vital knowledge can be taught to MBA and Management of Technology (MOT) students without legal backgrounds. IP management can be seen as a curricular locus, bringing together subjects such as entrepreneurship, technology strategy, and technology transfer. At Stevens Institute of Technology, we’ve taken the position that IP Management should be taught as a distinct course in a technology management program on equal footing with more traditional course offerings such as Marketing and Finance. We reflect upon 4 years’ teaching experience and present evidence from former students that the course fulfills its mission to be professionally relevant and pedagogically unifying to technology management programs.     

Financing War or Facilitating Peace? The Impact of Rebel Drug Trafficking on Peace Negotiations in Colombia and Myanmar

Rebel involvement in drug trafficking is broadly found to prolong and intensify civil wars. Being an illicit good with strong demand, high profit margins, limited barriers to entry, and few interdiction opportunities, narcotic drugs disproportionately benefit rebel groups as a source of funding in civil wars. Furthermore, drug trafficking is believed to prolong civil wars by creating war economies that benefit rebel groups, making them reluctant to engage in peace negotiations. However, recent peace agreements suggest that drug trafficking can in some cases be used to “buy off” rebel leaders, whereas other insurgents willingly relinquish this source of funding. This article compares attempts at conflict resolution in Colombia and Myanmar, focusing on the impact drug trafficking by Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia (Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia) and United Wa State Army has on contemporary peace negotiations.