标准化中的专利权问题:进展与挑战

标准化中的专利权不同于一般情况下的知识产权,相关政策和法律对此应特殊对待.在加强知识产权保护的趋势下,标准化中的专利权目前的处理原则和方法,对通讯和信息产业的公平竞争和健康发展带来了一些负面影响,国际社会对此表示不满,积极推动有关改革.目前已经取得了积极的进展,如慎发禁止令、允许事先披露许可条件等.但一些复杂的问题,如联合谈判许可条件、第三方所属专利权的处理、标准代表的公共利益于专利权私人利益平衡的法律依据、国际层面的政策协调等,还需要做进一步的探讨.     

The Use of Hemastix® and the Subsequent Lack of DNA Recovery Using the Promega DNA IQTM System

Abstract:  Following implementation of our automated process incorporating the Promega DNA IQ^TM system as a DNA extraction method, a large number of blood-containing exhibits failed to produce DNA. These exhibits had been tested with the Hemastix^® reagent strip, commonly used by police investigators and forensic laboratories as a screening test for blood. Some exhibits were even tainted green following transfer of the presumptive test reagents onto the samples. A series of experiments were carried out to examine the effect of the Hemastix^® chemistries on the DNA IQ^TM system. Our results indicate that one or more chemicals imbedded in the Hemastix^® reagent strip severely reduce the ability to recover DNA from any suspected stain using the DNA IQ^TM magnetic bead technology. The 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) used as the reporting dye appears to interact with the magnetic beads to prevent DNA recovery. Hydrogen peroxide does not seem to be involved. The Hemastix^® chemistries do not interfere in any way with DNA extraction performed using phenol-chloroform. The incompatibility of the Hemastix^® chemistries on the DNA IQ^TM system forced us to adopt an indirect approach using filter paper to carry out the presumptive test.     

依法行政的法理学思考

从内因来看,依法行政源自"人民主权"原则对于权利制约权力的基本要求。从外因看,依法行政有利于树立法律的权威性,有利于建立人们的法律信仰,它有利于保护公民权利,是建立法治国家的需要。现阶段依法行政,要处理好党的领导权与国家行政权的关系;要建立完善、协调的法律体系;要推进司法公正,监督行政机关依法行政。     

Gamma hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) concentrations in humans and factors affecting endogenous production

The endogenous nature of the drug of abuse gamma hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) has caused various interpretative problems for toxicologists. In order to obtain data for the presence of endogenous GHB in humans and to investigate any factors that may affect this, a volunteer study was undertaken. The GHB concentrations in 119 urine specimens from GHB-free subjects and 25 urine specimens submitted for toxicological analysis showed maximal urinary GHB concentrations of 3mg/l. Analysis of 15 plasma specimens submitted for toxicological analysis detected no measurable GHB (less than 2.5mg/l). Studies in a male and female volunteer in which different dietary food groups were ingested at weekly intervals, showed significant creatinine-independent intra-individual fluctuation with overall urine GHB concentrations between 0 and 2.55, and 0 and 2.74mg/l, respectively. Urinary concentrations did not appear to be affected by the particular dietary groups studied.The concentrations measured by gas chromatography with flame ionisation detection (GC-FID) and gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) lend further support to the proposed urinary and plasma interpretative cut-offs of 10 and 4mg/l, respectively, where below this it is not possible to determine whether any GHB detected is endogenous or exogenous in nature.     

South Africa: Treatment Action Campaign steps up pressure

In December 2002, in its ongoing efforts to secure access to affordable HIV/AIDS treatment for all South Africans, the grassroots organization Treatment Action Campaign (TAC) initiated two new proceedings over governmental failure to act to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV. In March 2003, it launched a national civil disobedience campaign to pressure government into implementing a national treatment and prevention plan, including taking measures to ensure access to affordable medicines.     

创建学习型政府 --观念挑战与制度创新

本文从对"学习型"组织的理论分析入手,通过对其本质进行总结和阐述,使之引入到政府管理的分析框架中去,并进一步对创建符合我国国情的学习型政府组织所产生的观念挑战与制度创新进行探讨,以期促进我国行政组织的革新.     

简论科学管理创新的四大功能

科学管理是作为一种生产力因素,在生产力系统的形成、运行和发展中发挥创新功能的。这种创新功能表现在:它不仅是整合生产力各要素形成创新功能的前提,而且是将生产力各要素的潜在创新“能量”转化为现实创新“能力”的条件;不仅是运筹生产力各要素创新能力的手段,而且还是进一步扩张生产力系统创新功能的内在活力。     

Clinical urinalysis of drugs and alcohol in instances of suspected surreptitious administration ("spiked drinks").

Many suspected victims of surreptitious drug and/or alcohol administration may present to hospitals or healthcare centres and never come to the attention of forensic or law enforcement professionals. Therefore, it is necessary to include clinical toxicological findings in order to assess the growing perception that instances have become more widespread within society. Between July 2002 and June 2004, 180 requests were received for toxicological analysis of individuals presenting to their GP or hospital following self-reported or suspected surreptitious drug administration (e.g. "spiked drink"). There was a rise of 77% in the number of requests from 2002-2003 to 2003-2004 which peaked in December of each year (most likely due to the increased socialization of people during the festive season). Between 2002 and 2004, 34% of patients were male and 66% were female with an overall average age of 25 (range 11-73). Following urinary analysis using immunoassay and gas chromatography (mass spectrometry, flame-ionisation detection and nitrogen-phosphorus detection), 59% of cases were negative for drugs and alcohol in 2002-2003 and 51% in 2003-2004. Drugs or alcohol were detected in 32% of cases in 2002-2003 and in 45% in 2003-2004. Out of the 169 cases analysed, ethanol (alcohol) was the most commonly detected compound (24% of cases), followed by amphetamines (amphetamine, MDMA, MDA, MDEA--11% of cases), cannabinoids (9% of cases), benzodiazepines (temazepam, nordiazepam, oxazepam--9% of cases), cocaine (4% of cases), opiates (dihydrocodeine, codeine--2% of cases), chlorpheniramine (0.6% of cases), ephedrine 0.6% of cases), fluoxetine (0.6% of cases), tramadol (0.6% of cases) and zopiclone (0.6% of cases). No gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB), gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) or flunitrazepam was detected in the cases analysed.     

新时期进一步增强党的阶级基础和群众基础的思考

江泽民在庆祝中国共产党成立80周年大会上的重要讲话,提出按照"三个代表"的要求,在坚持工人阶级先锋队性质的同时,根据经济发展和社会进步的实际,不断增强党的阶级基础和扩大党的群众基础,不断提高党的社会影响力.在新的历史务件下保持党的先进性和纯洁性,始终坚持马克思主义基本原理同中国具体实际相结合,坚持科学理论的指导,坚定不移地走自己的路,始终紧紧依靠人民群众,诚心诚意为人民谋利益,从人民群众中汲取前进的不竭力量;始终自觉地加强和改进党的建设,不断增强党的创造力、凝聚力和战斗力,永葆党的生机和活力.