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51.
Tracey German 《Central Asian Survey》2012,31(2):137-151
Conceptualization of the South Caucasus as a distinct regional unit is a relatively new development. Notwithstanding geographic proximity, the three states of the region face different political, economic and security realities, precipitating different strategic orientations. Conflicting dynamics complicate relations between states and serve to undermine efforts, both internal and external, to establish a sense of regional identity and advance inter-state cooperation. This paper argues that the concept of a distinct ‘South Caucasus’ region is an externally generated, geographical label, which implies a certain degree of unity and positive interdependence that does not exist. The three states may be geographical neighbours, but they are not ‘good neighbours’, as the complex web of enmities that has developed over the centuries means the three states tend to look externally to ‘distant relatives’, undermining both regional cohesion and awareness. 相似文献
52.
Anthony A. Braga Christopher Winship Tom R. Tyler Jeffrey Fagan Tracey L. Meares 《Journal of Quantitative Criminology》2014,30(4):599-627
Objectives
Prior research indicates that public assessments of the manner in which the police exercise their authority are a key antecedent of judgments about the legitimacy of the police. In this study, the importance of context in influencing people’s assessment of police wrongdoing is examined.Methods
A randomized factorial experiment was used to test how respondents perceive and evaluate police–citizens interactions along a range of types of situations and encounters. 1,361 subjects were surveyed on factors hypothesized to be salient influences on how citizens perceive and evaluate citizen interactions with police. Subjects viewed videos of actual police–citizen encounters and were asked for their evaluations of these observed encounters. Contextual primes were used to focus subjects on particular aspects of the context within which the encounter occurs.Results
Structural equation models revealed that social contextual framing factors, such as the climate of police–community relations and the legality of the stop that led to the encounter, influence citizen appraisals of police behavior with effects comparable in size to and even larger than demographic variables such as education, race, and income.Conclusions
These results suggest that the understandings and perceptions that people bring to a situation are important determinants of their assessment of police fairness. The police can positively influence citizen interpretations of police actions by striving to create a climate of positive police–community relationships in cities. 相似文献53.
Danielle Wallace Andrew V. Papachristos Tracey Meares Jeffrey Fagan 《Justice Quarterly》2016,33(7):1237-1264
Legitimacy-based approaches to crime prevention assume that individuals will comply with the law when they believe that the law and its agents are legitimate and act in ways that are “fair” and “just.” Currently, legitimacy-based programs are shown to lower aggregate levels of crime; yet, no study has investigated whether such programs influence individual offending. Using quasi-experimental design and survival analyses, this study evaluates the effectiveness of one such program—Chicago’s Project Safe Neighborhoods’ (PSN) Offender Notification Forums—at reducing individual recidivism among a population of returning prisoners. Results suggest that involvement in PSN significantly reduces the risk of subsequent incarceration and is associated with significantly longer intervals that offenders remain on the street and out of prison. As the first study to provide individual-level evidence promoting legitimacy-based interventions on patterns of individual offending, out study suggests these interventions can and do reduce rates of recidivism. 相似文献
54.
Susan Elliott 《Development in Practice》2011,21(6):903-905
Blood on the Stone: Greed, Corruption and War in the Global Diamond Trade by Ian Smillie, Anthem Press, International Development Research Centre, 2010, ISBN: 978 1 55250 498 7, 237 pp. 相似文献
55.
Davis CP Chelland LA Pavlova VR Illescas MJ Brown KL Cruz TD 《Journal of forensic sciences》2011,56(3):726-732
Abstract: With <100 pg of template DNA, routine short tandem repeat (STR) analysis often fails, resulting in no or partial profiles and increased stochastic effects. To overcome this, some have investigated preamplification methods that include the addition of proofreading enzymes to the PCR cocktail. This project sought to determine whether adding proofreading polymerases directly in the STR amplification mixture would improve the reaction when little template DNA is available. Platinum Taq High Fidelity and GeneAmp High Fidelity were tested in Profiler Plus? STR reactions alone and in combination with AmpliTaq® Gold. All reactions included the additional step of a post‐PCR purification step. With both pristine low template DNA and casework samples, the addition of these polymerases resulted in comparable or no improvement in the STR amplification signal. Further, stochastic effects and artifacts were observed equally across all enzyme conditions. Based on these studies, the addition of these proofreading enzymes to a multiplex STR amplification is not recommended for low template DNA work. 相似文献
56.
Joy Lynn Shelton Tracey Corey William H. Donaldson Emily Hemberger Dennison 《Journal of family violence》2011,26(4):263-276
Analysis of neonaticide cases from a law enforcement perspective is virtually non-existent in the research literature. Nonetheless,
law enforcement and prosecutors face unique challenges when investigating and prosecuting neonaticide; and a specialized,
informed approach is necessary. By highlighting the crime scene characteristics and autopsy findings of 55 neonaticide victims,
the authors hope to assist the law enforcement and legal communities in their neonaticide investigations. Specifically, this
article clarifies how neonaticide occurs by chronologically examining the pregnancy, the birth and death of the infant, the
subsequent crime scene (or scenes) and the pathological findings. The article also highlights the potential challenges that
may arise during investigation and prosecution of these cases in addition to providing the forensic community with recommended
investigative techniques. 相似文献
57.
Elliott T 《Medical law review》2011,19(4):636-645
58.
Tracey Arklay Anne Tiernan Hugh White 《Australian Journal of Public Administration》2011,70(4):365-376
Successive Australian Defence Ministers have been frustrated and occasionally embarrassed by the quality of advice and information provided to them by the Defence organisation. Decades of reviews and reorganisations have failed to find solutions to the special difficulties that Defence faces in providing accurate, timely information and advice to ministers across the broad spectrum of their responsibilities. This article argues that there are multiple explanations for the concerns that are frequently expressed about its policy advisory capacity – most of which are inherent to Defence organisations around the world. While the Defence culture of secrecy is partly responsible, other factors such as the scale of Defence's operations, the multiple cultures that exist within it (military, civilian, and intelligence) that make coherence harder than in more homogenous departments, the long‐time horizons of defence planning as well as the high costs of procurement, must also be considered. The erosion of trust between the organisation and minister has been exacerbated by the intense scrutiny of the media that overburdens ministers and adds another layer of complexity to their role. As history shows, there are push and pull factors that continue to embroil ministers in the minutiae of defence difficulties, while the complexity and scale of operations will undoubtedly continue to impact on the timeliness of advice. 相似文献
59.
Karen M. Kester Ph.D. Mary H. Toothman M.S. Bonnie L. Brown Ph.D. W. Scott Street IV Ph.D. Tracey D. Cruz Ph.D. 《Journal of forensic sciences》2010,55(6):1543-1551
Abstract: We tested the hypotheses that foraging insects can acquire human DNA from the environment and that insect‐delivered human DNA is of sufficient quantity and quality to permit standard forensic analyses. Houseflies, German cockroaches, and camel crickets were exposed to dusty surfaces and then assayed for human mitochondrial and nuclear loci by conventional and qPCR, and multiplex STR amplification. Over two experiments, 100% of insect groups and 94% of dust controls tested positive for human DNA. Of 177 individuals, 33–67% tested positive and 13 yielded quantifiable human DNA (mean = 0.022 ± 0.006 ng; mean dust control = 2.448 ± 0.960 ng); four had at least one positive allele call for one or more locus; eight others showed multiple peaks at some loci. Results imply that application to routine forensic casework is limited given current detection methodology yet demonstrate the potential use of insects as environmental samplers for human DNA. 相似文献
60.
Ian A. Elliott Hilary J. Eldridge Sherry Ashfield Anthony R. Beech 《Journal of family violence》2010,25(6):595-602
Despite nearly a century of knowledge indicating a significant number of women engaging in sexual activities with children,
the phenomenon has not yet been fully acknowledged. Recently, however, there has been a marked increase in research in this
area. However, due to the relatively small numbers of detections or convictions there remains a lack of data regarding: (1)
the specific clinical characteristics of female sex offenders; and (2) how these clinical factors link to re-offending and
treatment need. The following study examines potential risk, protective, and treatment factors that are highlighted through
the process of clinical intervention, using an adapted version of the Beech and Ward (2004) risk framework. We describe how female sex offenders typically display clinical deficits in the same risk domains as their
male counterparts, while noting the ways in which these deficits manifest in this population. In addition, we compare these
vulnerability factors in four established types of female sex offender. 相似文献