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211.
This article addresses some of the legal implications of the popular consumer-to-consumer electronic commerce model, in particular the implications of the successful and popular auctions site eBay. 相似文献
212.
This article examines the conditions under which firms in different economies were able to emerge as significant actors in
the global computer industry during different time periods. To achieve this, the article divides into three periods the history
of the industry in terms of the three major policy regimes that have supported the dominant firms and regions. It argues that
these policy regimes can be thought of as state developmentalisms that take significantly different forms across the history
of the industry. U.S. firms’ dominance over their European counterparts in the 1950s and 1960s was underpinned by a system
of “military developmentalism” where military agencies funded research, provided a market and developed infrastructure, but
also demanded high quality products. The “Asian Tigers”—Taiwan, Singapore, Hong Kong, and South Korea—in the 1970s and 1980s
were able to eclipse their Latin American and Indian rivals due in large part to the significant advantages offered by a highly
effective system of “bureaucratic developmentalism,” where bureaucratic elites in key state agencies and leading business
groups negotiated supports for export performance. The 1990s saw the emergence of a system of “network developmentalism” where
countries such as Ireland and Israel were able to emerge as new nodes in the computer industry by careful economic and political
negotiation of relations to the United States, reestablished at the center of the industry, and by more decentralized forms
of provision of state support for high-tech development. Finally, the conditions under which new regimes can emerge are a
consequence of the unanticipated global consequences of previous regimes. While state developmentalisms have been shaped by
existing global regimes, they have promoted further and different rounds of industry globalization.
Seán ó Riain is professor of sociology at the National University of Ireland, Maynooth. His research has been primarily on
the political economy of high-tech growth in Ireland and elsewhere, and on work and class politics among software developers.
He is the author ofThe Politics of High Tech Growth: Developmental Network, States in the Global Economy (Cambridge, 2004). 相似文献
213.
Marjolein C.J. Caniëls Henny A. Romijn Marieke de Ruijter-De Wildt 《Development in Practice》2006,16(5):425-440
Business Development Services (BDS) programmes have become big business for international donors and NGOs. Focusing on small enterprises in developing countries, the current BDS approach assumes that the development of commercial markets is the key to success. Yet many of these programmes continue to have a limited impact. A review of modern theories of innovation and services marketing management suggests that this may be because current BDS support practice reflects a rather limited understanding of how new markets actually develop. Drawing on the insights that these theories offer, the authors suggest that BDS practice should develop a more evolutionary approach, recognising that service innovations develop through active, on-going interaction between suppliers and customers. The article concludes with practical policy guidelines and a discussion about tools that could help BDS to adopt this more successful approach. 相似文献
214.
Netherlands International Law Review - 相似文献
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216.
As developing democracies implement programs of economic adjustment and trade liberalization, we need to examine the relationship
between the state and society in the making of foreign economic policies. This article examines trade and development policies
in Colombia, one of Latin America's more institutionalized democracies. Colombia was one of the first countries in Latin America
to begin a major reorientation away from full dependence on ISI as a strategy of development. The research shows that domestic
political institutions and actors have had a decisive impact on the character and direction of foreign economic policies.
The study also illustrates how state capacity for economic management is enhanced by bureaucratic insulation and institutional
reform.
Carlos E. Juárez is a Ph.D. candidate in the Department of Political Science at the University of California, Los Angeles.
His research focuses on the politics of trade liberalization in Latin America, government-business relations in developing
democracies, and comparative political economy. He was a visiting researcher and lecturer at theUniversidad de los Andes in Bogotá, Colombia from 1991–1992. For 1993–1994 he will be a visiting research fellow with the Center for U.S.-Mexican
Studies at the University of California, San Diego. 相似文献
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The value of the acid phosphatase spot test in the primary visualization and identification of seminal traces is hampered by the sensitiveness of the enzyme to biodegradation. An alternative spot test is proposed, based on the high concentration of the more stable zinc metal in seminal plasma. The proposed zinc spot test is simple and suitable for on site investigation. Although the sensitivity in fresh stains is lower than that of the acid phosphatase spot test, this is largely compensated by the lower sensitiveness to biodegradation. The specificity for semen is higher than that of the acid phosphatase spot test. In vaginal swabs it was nevertheless seen, that samples should be taken within 24 h after alleged sexual assault to give reliable results. 相似文献
220.