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221.
222.
How does order emerge from anarchy? While scholars generally agree that international politics is anarchic, there is much dispute about how anarchy orders relationships. This paper challenges prevailing views by attacking the problem of anarchy from behind. We examine how hierarchy creates order and argue that two mechanisms are responsible. The first is the direct actions of a leviathan; the second is an indirect effect, which counterintuitively results from insurmountable handicaps to central authority, that we call the threat of incompetent intervention. We then examine how these two mechanisms affect order as power decentralizes and highlight how bottom–up and top–down processes intersect. Our arguments are tested in difficult cases: highly developed states, where central authority is strongest, and international politics, where central authority is weakest. The arguments have broad implications for all the paradigms, trust in world politics and organizational change. 相似文献
223.
Joseph G. Kosciw Emily A. Greytak Elizabeth M. Diaz 《Journal of youth and adolescence》2009,38(7):976-988
This study examines how locational (region and locale), community-level (school district poverty and adult educational attainment),
and school district-level (district size and ratios of students to key school personnel) variables are related to indicators
of hostile school climate for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) youth. Indicators of hostile climate included
frequency of homophobic remarks and victimization regarding sexual orientation and gender expression. We used data from a
national survey of LGBT secondary school students (N = 5,420; 57.6% female; 65.5% White; mean age = 15.9). Results from regression analyses demonstrated that LGBT youth in rural
communities and communities with lower adult educational attainment may face particularly hostile school climates. School
district characteristics contributed little to the variation in LGBT youth’s experiences. Findings highlight the importance
of considering the multiple contexts that LGBT youth inhabit, particularly as they pertain to educational experiences. 相似文献
224.
Susan M. McHale Kimberly A. Updegraff Ji-Yeon Kim Emily Cansler 《Journal of youth and adolescence》2009,38(5):627-641
The links between youth’s daily activities and adjustment and the role of cultural practices and values in these links were
studied in 469 youth from 237 Mexican American families. In home interviews, data on mothers’, fathers’, and two adolescent-age
siblings’ cultural practices (language use, social contacts) and values (for familism, for education achievement) were collected,
along with data on youth risky behavior and depressive symptoms. In 7 nightly phone calls, youth reported on their day’s free
time activities (i.e., sports, academics, religious activities, television viewing, and hanging out). Analyses revealed that
youth who spent more time in unsupervised hanging out reported more depressive symptoms and risky behavior, and those who
spent more time in academic activities reported less risky behavior. Results also indicated that more Anglo-oriented youth
spent more time in sports, that more Mexican-oriented youth spent more time watching television, that fathers’ familism values
were related to youth’s time in religious activities, and that parents’ educational values were linked to youth’s time in
academic activities. Some evidence indicated that parents’ cultural practices and values, particularly fathers’, moderated
the links between daily activities and youth adjustment.
相似文献
Emily CanslerEmail: |
225.
A majority of peer victimization research focuses on its associations with negative outcomes, yet efforts to understand possible protective factors that may mitigate these negative outcomes also require attention. The present study was an investigation of the potential moderating effect of prosocial behaviors on loneliness for youth who are peer victimized. Participants were fourth and fifth grade students (511 total; 49 % boys) who were primarily European American (43.4 %) and Hispanic (48.2 %). Structural Equation Modeling was used to test the interaction of prosocial behavior and peer victimization (relational and overt forms) on loneliness 1 year later. The results indicated that prosocial behavior significantly moderated the relationship between peer victimization (for the relational form only) and loneliness while controlling for levels of perceived peer support. A multi-group comparison by gender further indicated the moderation was significant for boys only. Potential implications for intervention/prevention efforts focused on developing children’s prosocial skills as a possible protective factor for relationally victimized youth are discussed. 相似文献
226.
The current study focused on the childhood to adolescence transition and sought to determine why some children are more compliant than others as well as why children comply more often with some of their parents’ rules than with others. Indices of parents’ agency and children’s agency were tested as predictors of compliance. Parent-based decision-making and parents’ responses to expressed disagreement served as indices of parents’ agency while children’s beliefs regarding the legitimacy of parents’ rules and felt obligation to obey rules served as indices of children’s agency. Parent–child dyads (n = 218; 51 % female, 49 % European American, 47 % African American) were interviewed during the summers following the children’s 5th (M adolescent age = 11.9 years) and 6th grade school years. Children who felt that their parents’ rules were more legitimate were more compliant overall than were children who felt that the rules were less legitimate. Children compiled more with rules governing topics perceived to be legitimately regulated by parents, when parents made more decisions regarding the topic and when parents responded to disagreement by standing strong. Results were generally consistent across parents’ and children’s reports of compliance and across cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses. At the transition from childhood to adolescence, only children’s agency explained why some children are more compliant than others, but parents’ and children’s agency helped to explain why children complied with some rules more than others. 相似文献
227.
Kevin J. Vagi Emily F. Rothman Natasha E. Latzman Andra Teten Tharp Diane M. Hall Matthew J. Breiding 《Journal of youth and adolescence》2013,42(4):633-649
Dating violence is a serious public health problem. In recent years, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and other entities have made funding available to community based agencies for dating violence prevention. Practitioners who are tasked with developing dating violence prevention strategies should pay particular attention to risk and protective factors for dating violence perpetration that have been established in longitudinal studies. This has been challenging to date because the scientific literature on the etiology of dating violence is somewhat limited, and because there have been no comprehensive reviews of the literature that clearly distinguish correlates of dating violence perpetration from risk or protective factors that have been established through longitudinal research. This is problematic because prevention programs may then target factors that are merely correlated with dating violence perpetration, and have no causal influence, which could potentially limit the effectiveness of the programs. In this article, we review the literature on risk and protective factors for adolescent dating violence perpetration and highlight those factors for which temporal precedence has been established by one or more studies. This review is intended as a guide for researchers and practitioners as they formulate prevention programs. We reviewed articles published between 2000 and 2010 that reported on adolescent dating violence perpetration using samples from the United States or Canada. In total, 53 risk factors and six protective factors were identified from 20 studies. Next steps for etiological research in adolescent dating violence are discussed, as well as future directions for prevention program developers. 相似文献
228.
Murray B. Rutherford Michael L. Gibeau Susan G. Clark Emily C. Chamberlain 《Policy Sciences》2009,42(2):163-187
We used the policy sciences as an organizing framework for a series of workshops with stakeholders in Banff National Park
on “Interdisciplinary problem solving for grizzly bear conservation and management.” In recent years, bear conservation efforts
in this region have been hindered by acrimonious disputes about the production and use of scientific knowledge in management.
The workshops introduced the policy sciences as a means of thinking more effectively about problems, and encouraged participants
to use this approach to develop innovative solutions to the problems of grizzly bear conservation. Each workshop addressed
different aspects of the policy sciences framework: (i) Standpoint Clarification; (ii) Problem Orientation; (iii) Social Process
Mapping; and (iv) Decision-Process Mapping. In this article, we discuss the design and outcomes of the workshops and assess
their effectiveness in integrating knowledge to find common ground. 相似文献
229.
Jaime S. Foster Marlene B. Schwartz Robin S. Grenier Michael P. Burke Emily A. Taylor Amy R. Mobley 《Journal of Public Affairs (14723891)》2019,19(3)
Food insecurity, or limited or uncertain availability of nutritionally adequate and safe foods or limited or uncertain ability to acquire acceptable foods in socially acceptable ways, affects more than 10% of Americans. The U.S. Department of Agriculture's 18‐item Household Food Security Survey Module (HFSSM) is the most common measure used in the United States to assess food insecurity. This measure is to be completed by one adult who reports on the severity of disruptions in the quality and quantity of the household food supply. Recent work suggests that men and women might respond differently to some of the items in this measure. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to further explore how men and women interpret each of the items and specific concepts in this measure. Pairs (n = 25) of low‐income and food‐insecure mothers and fathers of children aged 2.5–10 years participated in one‐on‐one interviews to answer the HFSSM questions using the think‐aloud method. The data were analyzed using basic inductive qualitative methods, and the findings suggest that gender is related to interpretation of key concepts relevant to food insecurity including “household,” “balanced meal,” and “worry.” These findings have policy implications for the use of this measure as a national benchmark of food insecurity such as the potential need for an additional, complementary instrument to include several male reference questions with different terminology. 相似文献
230.