Decentralization in Tanzania: An assessment of local government discretion and accountability

A large part of the decentralization literature is fragmented along political, fiscal, or administrative lines. In this article we employ a diagnostic framework to draw these dimensions together in a coherent manner to focus on analyzing local government discretion and accountability in Tanzania. Tanzania seems to have a deconcentrated local government system with central appointees having large powers at the local level. Centrally‐funded mandates—such as constructing secondary schools—dominate local government plans and budgets. Central control over administrative functions has ensured that administrative decentralization is yet to occur. In the fiscal sphere, progress has been made in transparency and harmonization of transfers in the last 5 years but local governments still have some way to go in raising own revenues, being less reliant on transfers, and ensuring downward accountability. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

加味四逆散对皮质酮、谷氨酸致PC12细胞损伤的保护作用研究

目的:观察中药加味四逆散(Jiawei Sinisan,JWSNS)对皮质酮(corticOSterone,Cort)、谷氨酸(glutamate,Glu)致PC12细胞损伤的保护作用.方法:以100,200,400 μmol/L Cort和10,50,100 μmol/L Glu以及50,100 ml/L JWSNS含药血清分别与PC12细胞共同孵育24 h,采用倒置显微镜观察细胞形态,以甲基噻唑基四唑(methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium,MTT)法测定细胞存活率.选取200 μmol/L Cort和50 μmol/L Glu建立PC12细胞损伤模型,以MTT法观察50,100ml/L JWSNS含药血清各组对Cort和Glu所致PC12细胞损伤的保护作用.结果:不同浓度的Cort和Glu对PC12细胞的生长均具有抑制作用,随着浓度的升高,细胞损伤程度加重.各浓度的JWSNS含药血清对正常PC12细胞无毒性和不良反应.对Cort和Glu所致的PC12细胞模型,50ml/L JWSNS含药血清各组无明显抗损伤作用;Cort,Glu 100 ml/L JWSNS含药血清低、中、高各组细胞存活率分别为72.58%、87.11%、75.81%、69.35%、82.25%和70.97%,与Cort、Glu损伤模型组及正常血清组相比,细胞存活率明显升高,差异有显著性(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).结论:100ml/L JWSNS含药血清对Cort、Glu所致PC12细胞的损伤具有保护作用.     

谈班级管理工作中的赏识教育

赏识教育是一种崭新的教育理念。心理学研究表明,无论多么顽皮的学生,无论多么冷漠的学生,其内心深处都非常渴望被别人赏识。赏识可以使他们体验到成功的快乐,而这种情感因素正是学生成长的关键。作为一个班主任,如果学会尊重和赏识自己的学生,便能走进学生的心灵,在班集体这方沃土上培育出绚丽的花朵。     

我国公案小说叙述模式探析

我国侦探小说的源头可追溯至春秋战国时期出现的案狱故事。这种故事文本在它的发展过程中形成了特定的叙述模式,归纳起来,主要表现为特定的结构模式、突出的清官角色及零聚焦叙述视角。这一叙述模式在清代因"侠义"的加入而发生了变化。     

China’s ‘Belt and Road’ Strategy in Eurasia and Euro-Atlanticism

The focus of this article is two-pronged. First, it highlights China’s ‘One Belt, One Road’ (OBOR) initiative as a Eurasia-centred project that, distinct from the twentieth-century Eurasianism, aims to introduce a new comprehensive integrationist agenda to the Eurasian strategic landscape. Second, it compares the US-led Euro-Atlanticism and the emerging Eurasianism, holding that while the former has historically stressed security over development (development is seen as contingent on the establishment of a hard security regime), the latter prioritises development over security (security is viewed as contingent on the establishment of an inclusive economic regime). Thus, this research argues that, if implemented successfully, OBOR could challenge Euro-Atlanticism as the long-held normative paradigm of interstate relations by offering a systemic alternative.     

城镇化进程中农民的思想状况分析——基于河南省滑县瓦岗寨乡的调查

城镇化是中国现代化的必然选择,但长期以来,我国理论界对城镇化主体农民的思想状况却研究不够。经实地调查发现,我国农民在城镇化方面的思想状况呈现多元化态势。为了应对这种情况,我们应该加快农村经济发展步伐,进一步提高农民收入;加快中小城市发展步伐,为农民进城搭建载体;加快农村教育发展,不断提高广大农民素质;加强对城镇化的宣传,增进农民对城镇化的了解。     

基于小白鼠实验的新型膨胀阻燃低密度聚乙烯复合材料烟气毒性研究（英文）

利用小白鼠试验来研究新型阻燃低密度聚乙烯(LDPE)复合材料的烟气毒性,探寻材料烟气毒性最大不至死浓度,根据相关标准判断材料毒性所属级别,并比较研究不同燃烧状况下阻燃LDPE复合材料产烟毒性.从烟气毒性实验可知,有焰燃烧比无焰燃烧具有较小的烟气毒性.同时利用火灾性能指数和火灾发展指数对阻燃LDPE复合材料的火灾安全性进行评价.研究结果有助于优化设计环境友好、综合性能优良的阻燃低密度聚乙烯复合材料.     

An Evaluation of Childhood Deaths in Turkey Due to Yellow Phosphorus in Firecrackers

Yellow phosphorus (YP) is a powerful protoplasmic poison used in the manufacturing of matches, pest poisons, firecrackers, firework cracker, lights for watches, military ammunition, and agriculture fertilizer. YP is extremely flammable and toxic and easily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. In this study, we examined childhood deaths from 1997 to 2012 resulting from the ingestion of firecrackers. The patients ranged from 2 to 15 years of age and were admitted to the hospital with a variety of symptoms. Those that presented with nausea, vomiting, and hypotension rapidly deteriorated and entered a coma. An autopsy was performed in all but one of the 16 cases reviewed. Macroscopically, the livers had a yellowish discoloration with petechial bleeding. Histopathologic examination revealed acute toxic hepatitis. In conclusion, these firecrackers are found in corner shops throughout Turkey, may cause death in children with little warning, and should be banned to prevent further deaths.