中国非传统安全问题的层次性与应对

由于在概念界定上存在争议,导致非传统安全所涉及的问题不断增多。本文提出,中国的非传统安全研究应以国家利益为基础,根据中国的国情及目前面临的非传统安全的特点,将其分为三个层次:第一层次是与传统安全密切相关的非传统安全议题,涉及的是国家主权和领土完整等关键利益;第二层次主要涉及社会安全问题,是国家的重要利益;第三层次涉及的是人的安全。针对不同层次的非传统安全议题,需要制定相应的战略与政策。对中国面临的非传统安全问题进行分层次研究,能够避免在面对非传统安全威胁时的盲目乐观或过度反应,明确不同层次的非传统安全议题在决策日程中的地位,从而更加合理地配置和使用资源,提高中国应对此类安全问题的能力。     

Credit Constraints and Distress Sales in Rural India: Evidence from Kalahandi District,Orissa

The literature on the rural credit market in India (and elsewhere) has generally assumed that peasant farm households are rationed in their access to subsidized formal credit. Because of a lack of infrastructure and poor access to institutional credit, such farmers are exploited by means of an interlocked market connecting informal credit to the sale of paddy. The resulting gap, between the sale by a borrower of paddy at a predetermined low price, and the price of this commodity on the open market, constitutes the amount of what is termed a distress sale. The latter is itself influenced by the bargaining capacity (or lack thereof) of the peasant farmer who borrows on the informal market. Also of importance in determining whether or not a cultivator is compelled to resort to the informal credit market – and thus into an interlocked arrangement – is the need for additional liquidity to meet production costs and/or household consumption, as well as the monopsony nature of the paddy market. Data from Kalahandi district in Orissa suggest that access to formal credit is limited in rural areas although there exists a high demand for it, that a high degree of credit rationing by the formal lender occurs, and that poor implementation by the state of minimum support price policy all contribute to the need for informal loans and its attendant interlinkage.     

Klagebefugnis aus dem allgemeinen Willkürverbot bei einem Verstoß gegen die Staatszielbestimmung Umweltschutz

Zusammenfassung Nach einer Entscheidung des Bayerischen Verfassungsgerichtshofs kann ein Bauleitplan wegen Versto? gegen das Willkürverbot aus Gründen des Umweltschutzes nichtig sein. Diese auf eine Popularklage ergangene Entscheidung er?ffnet die Frage, ob der Verfassungsgrundsatz des Willkürverbots auch im Rahmen von Verwaltungsakten herangezogen werden kann. Der Beitrag bejaht diese M?glichkeit.