Simultaneous electrophoretic determination of phosphoglucomutase subtypes, adenosine deaminase, erythrocyte acid phosphatase, and adenylate kinase enzyme phenotypes

Many of the conventional agarose phosphoglucomutase (PGM) subtyping systems presently in use fail to provide a good separation between the 1 + and 2- bands as well as the 2+ band and the more anodic moving bands. Use of a 1-mm-thick gel composed of 1% ISO GEL (FMC Corp.) and phosphate-citric acid gel and tank buffers with a pH of 5.3 provided exceptionally good separation between all four of the major subtyping bands. The additional criteria for this procedure is a voltage of 21 V/cm and a run time of 4 h. Utilization of this procedure using case samples of varied ages proved the reliability of the procedure. Also examined were the effects of several reducing agents on the enzyme band patterns and the use of this system for the simultaneous determinations of the adenosine deaminase (ADA), erythrocyte acid phosphatase (EAP), and adenylate kinase (AK) enzyme phenotypes.     

Decomposition of buried bodies and methods that may aid in their location

This is the second report on an ongoing study conducted to collect data on the decompositional rates of human cadavers and the first on buried cadavers. Six unembalmed human cadavers were buried separately in unlined trenches of various depths and allowed to naturally decompose for a time period ranging from a month to a year. During the period of burial, data were collected daily on the air, soil, and cadaver temperature at each burial site. At the end of each specified burial period the cadavers were exhumed and examined for the degree of decomposition which had taken place as well as changes in the soil pH, surface vegetation, and carrion insect activity. Analysis of the data shows that the decomposition rate of buried cadavers is highly dependent on the depth of burial and environmental temperatures. The depth at which the cadaver was buried also directly affected the degree of soil and vegetational changes as well as access by carrion insects. Application of this information can contribute to a more accurate estimation of time since death of a buried corpse and may aid in the location of such corpses.     

Excretion of alcohol in urine and diuresis in healthy men in relation to their age, the dose administered and the time after drinking

Healthy male volunteers drank neat whisky in amounts corresponding to 0.51, 0.68, or 0.85 g ethanol/kg body weight in 15-25 min after an overnight (10 h) fast. Urine was collected immediately before drinking and then at 60 min intervals for 7-8 h after intake. The volumes of urine voided were measured and the concentrations of alcohol (UAC) were determined by an enzymatic method. Ethanol-induced diuresis showed large inter-subject variations. The flow of urine was maximum between 60 and 120 min post-drinking when the median rates of production were 117 ml/h (range 55-335), 113 ml/h (range 41-453) and 373 ml/h (range 215-485) for 0.51, 0.68, and 0.85 g ethanol/kg respectively. The output of urine returned to normal (30-60 ml/h) after the peak UAC had passed despite an elevated blood alcohol concentration (BAC). The average amount of alcohol excreted in urine was 0.29 g (S.D. 0.119), 0.44 g (S.D. 0.246), and 1.00 g (S.D. 0.427) after the consumption of 0.51, 0.68 and 0.85 g ethanol/kg respectively. Neither peak diuresis nor the amount of alcohol excreted depended on a subject's age between 20 and 60 years. This work shows that after drinking a moderate dose of alcohol, only 0.7-1.5% of the amount consumed is excreted unchanged in urine. Ethanol-induced diuresis is most pronounced for the first 1-2 h after drinking (rising BAC). The production of urine returns to normal during the post-absorptive state.