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151.
Eugene Borgida 《Law and human behavior》1979,3(3):189-202
The present research examined psycholegal assumptions about specific acts evidence as a method of character proof. On the basis of “fireside induction” (Meehl, 1971) and social psychological research on inferential processes, it was expected that the logic behind the presumption against specific acts testimony would receive empirical support. In the context of a videotaped automobile negligence trial, nondeliberating experimental jurors were presented with character evidence expressed either in terms of specific acts or in terms of general reputation. Mode of presentation and the amount of testimony also were varied. Only post hoc support for the logic behind the presumption against specific acts testimony was obtained, and several factors that may have constrained its impact were considered. 相似文献
152.
153.
American national security policy is based on a misunderstanding about U.S. oil interests. Although oil is a vital commodity, potential supply disruptions are less worrisome than scholars, politicians, and pundits presume. This article identifies four adaptive mechanisms that together can compensate for almost all oil shocks, meaning that continuous supply to consumers will limit scarcity-induced price increases. The adaptive mechanisms are not particularly fragile and do not require tremendous foresight by either governments or economic actors. We illustrate these mechanisms at work using evidence from every major oil disruption since 1973. We then identify the small subset of disruptive events that would overwhelm these adaptive mechanisms and therefore seriously harm the United States. Finally, we analyze the utility of U.S. foreign military policy tools in addressing these threats. Our findings suggest that the United States can defend its key interests in the Persian Gulf—the world's most important oil-producing region—with a less-intrusive, “over the horizon” posture. 相似文献
154.
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157.
Eugene Tartakovsky 《Journal of youth and adolescence》2011,40(2):231-244
This study focuses on the national identity of high-school adolescents in Russia and Ukraine in the post-perestroika period.
Adolescents studying in public high schools in 12 medium-size and large cities completed questionnaires in 1999 (n = 468) and 2007 (n = 646). Russian adolescents consistently reported a more positive attitude towards their country and a stronger identification
with the nation than did Ukrainian adolescents. The effect of socio-economic changes on the two components of national identity
differed: the adolescents reported a more positive attitude towards their country in 2007 than in 1999, while their identification
with the nations did not change significantly. Social support received from peers was associated with a more positive attitude
towards the country and a stronger identification with the nation, while social support received from parents and teachers
was not related to the national identity of adolescents. Adolescents’ better psychological adjustment was associated with
a more positive attitude towards the country but was not related to their identification with the nation. Adolescents who
belonged to the ethnic majority reported a more positive attitude towards the country and a stronger identification with the
nation as compared to adolescents who belonged to ethnic minorities. 相似文献
158.
Hilary F. Byrnes Meng-Jinn Chen Brenda A. Miller Eugene Maguin 《Journal of youth and adolescence》2007,36(5):649-659
Prior studies have examined the influence of neighborhood perceptions on youth outcomes, but few studies have examined whose
report of neighborhoods, parents’ or youths,’ are most important in predicting youth outcomes. This study addresses the relative
associations of youths’ and mothers’ neighborhood perceptions with youth alcohol use and delinquency. The sample includes
499 mother-child dyads (youth age: 10 to 16 [mean=13.3; SD=2]). Structural equation modeling showed that youths’ perceived neighborhood problems were significantly associated with
their delinquency but not their alcohol use. However, mothers’ perceived neighborhood problems were not related to either
youth alcohol use or delinquency, suggesting that youths’ perceptions are better indicators of youth behavior. Youth reports
may reflect their activities in the neighborhood and their exposure to different forms of deviance, so youths’ reports would
be better indicators of exposure to neighborhood risk. Challenges for prevention are discussed.
NIAAA Postdoctoral Fellow and Associate Research Scientist at
the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley,
and the Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research
and Evaluation, Berkeley, CA. Her research interests include
psychosocial and environmental factors influencing youth
problem behaviors.
Interests are interventions for children with substance use or externalizing problems and their families.
She is currently conducting alcohol, drug and other risky behavior prevention studies that include a focus on young adults
in club settings as well as a variety of different family-based studies in different geographic regions (San Francisco Bay
Area, Alaska, Thailand).
Her work integrates both quantitative and qualitative research methods and centers on alcohol and other drug use, and related
health issues among adolescents and young adults. She is especially interested in applying theoretical models of socially
learned behaviors to populations with different cultural and social backgrounds 相似文献
159.
Lanier MM Paoline EA 《International journal of offender therapy and comparative criminology》2005,49(5):561-573
Considerable research has found inmates to be at high risk for HIV/AIDS. Furthermore, research has shown additional HIV/AIDS threats faced by females in the general population and especially by those incarcerated. Behavioral interventions and educational programs have been developed based on these studies. However, few empirical studies have examined the self-expressed needs of HIV-positive inmates or the degree to which inmates' needs are gender specific. This pilot study compares the needs of HIV-positive male and female jail detainees. Results illustrate surprisingly few differences between men and women and their HIV-related needs. The primary need identified for both males and females was postrelease housing. Somewhat unexpectedly, HIV treatment and care ranked low on the list of needs. The implications of these finds are discussed. 相似文献
160.