The effect of political sophistication and party identification on voter–party congruence. A comparative analysis of 30 countries

Partisanship and cognitive mobilization are generally seen as independent and counter-balancing influences on vote choice. While the former is typically regarded as a shortcut, reducing the need for close ideological congruence with one’s preferred party, the latter is associated with increasing levels of political sophistication and the importance of ideological proximity in voter decision-making. This paper tests the strength of these arguments in comparative perspective using data from Wave 3 of the Comparative Study of Electoral Systems (CSES). Our results show that in general higher levels of political sophistication are associated with higher levels of voter–party ideological congruence and that a strong party identification reduces this proximity. For voters with both high levels of sophistication and strong partisanship, however, congruence remains high. In a second step we examine whether these relationships are affected by the complexity of the party environment. Our findings show that party system size has no effect on levels of ideological congruence at the individual level, and this holds for different levels of voter sophistication. We conclude that for the most part voter sophistication and party identification are best seen as counter-weights in determining vote choice.     

Animal Dignity and the Law: Potential,Problems and Possible Implications

Liverpool Law Review - This article aims to assess the suitability of the concept of ‘animal dignity’ as a normative principle for the legal approach towards animals. Through an...     

The notwithstanding mechanism and public discussion: Lessons from the ignored practice of section 33 of the Charter

Sommaire: La plupart des Canadiens pensent que la clause dérogatoire, à savoir I'article 33 de la Charte des droits et libertés, n'a été utilisée qu'à quelques reprises par le passé et qu'à l'heure actuelle aucune loi se prévalant de l'article 33 n'est en vigueur. Le présent article révèle que la clause dérogatoire a en fait été utilisée par seize différents textes législatifs (en plus de l'usage général qui en est fait au Québec) et que sept lois se prévalant du mécanisme sont encore en vigueur. L'article soutient ensuite que les deux principales raisons pour lesquelles le public ne remarque pas le recours à l'article 33 s'expliquent par le fait que ces cas étaient à la fois invisibles et inaccessibles. Ils étaient invisibles parce qu'ils portaient sur des sujets qui n'étaient pas à l'ordre du jour public et ils étaient inaccessibles parce qu'ils traitaient de questions de politiques compliquées. L'article conclut en argumentant qu'on ne devrait recourir à la clause dérogatoire qu'en réaction à une décision de la Cour suprême et non avant une telle décision. Il est probable qu'une décision de la Cour suprême aurait rendu ces recours ignorés à l'article 33 à la fois plus visibles, plus accessibles, et de ce fait plus évidents. Abstract: Most Canadians believe that the notwithstanding clause, namely section 33 of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms, has been used only a few times in the past and that currently no legislations invoking section 33 is in force. This article reveals that the “notwithstanding mechanism” was actually used in sixteen different pieces of legislation (in addition to its omnibus use by Quebec) and that seven acts invoking the mechanism are still in force. The article then argues that two main reasons for the lack of public response to these invocations of section 33 were that these uses were both invisible and inaccessible. They were invisible because they dealt with matters that were not on the public agenda and they were inaccessible because they dealt with complicated policy questions. The article concludes by contending that the notwithstanding mechanism should only be used in response to a Supreme Court decision and not prior to it. It is likely that a Supreme Court decision would have made these ignored uses of section 33 both more visible and more accessible and hencc more noticeable.     

An innovative approach to building stronger coalitions: the Net-Map Toolbox

A common challenge faces development organisations, from the highest policy-making circles to local, grassroots organisations: how to work with other groups to build stronger partnerships and achieve consensus on goals? This article describes the Net-Map Toolbox, a new tool which builds and expands upon existing social-networking approaches. The article highlights the experience of using the Toolbox with the White Volta Basin Board in Ghana, a multi-stakeholder organisation responsible for overseeing local water resources. The authors discuss how the Net-Map Toolbox can assist members of development-oriented organisations to better understand and interact with each other in situations where many different actors can influence the outcome.     

Care-Arbeit und das Ethos fürsorglicher Praxis unter neuen Marktbedingungen am Beispiel der Pflegepraxis

Since the second part of the 20th century, paid work, for both women and men, has been the experience of participating in publicly appreciated social exchange. During the same time the industrial society has been changing into a service society, but also care-activities have and been integrated into processes of market and valorization. To cope with the implications of these developments for the ethos of care, the text starts with the demonstration of diverse development paths into the service society; in a second step the question of the rationalizability of services in the context of care is discussed, and on this basis empirical findings about dilemmata situation are illustrated from the perspectives of individual professional care workers. At the end a plea for societal carefulness is formulated.     

An Illicit Love Affair During the Third Reich: Who is My Grandfather?*

More than 60 years after an illicit love affair had occurred between Erika H, wife of a Wehrmacht soldier, and a Polish slave worker during World War II, we could clarify the blood relationships of her daughter Uta. When Erika H had become pregnant both of the men could have fathered the child. Erika H was found guilty of fraternization and imprisoned at Ravensbrück concentration camp. She gave birth to Uta and died there in 1944. Uta survived the war as did Erika's husband Gustav, who accepted Uta as his child. Blood samples from family members were taken and DNA extracted. A panel of 16 short tandem repeat (STR) loci were amplified and separated by capillary electrophoresis and the likelihoods calculated using the MLINK software. The combined genotypes yielded a cumulative likelihood ratio of over 200,000 against paternity of Gustav H. This case serves to illustrate the utility of STR profiles for complex deficiency kinship analysis.     

Assessing callous-unemotional traits in adolescent offenders: validation of the Inventory of Callous-Unemotional Traits

The presence of callous-unemotional (CU) traits designates an important subgroup of antisocial youth. To improve upon existing measures, the Inventory of Callous-Unemotional Traits (ICU) was developed to provide an efficient, reliable, and valid assessment of CU traits in samples of youth. The current study tests the factor structure and correlates of the ICU scale in a sample (n=248) of juvenile offenders (188 boys, 60 girls) between the ages of 12 and 20 (M=15.47, SD=1.37). Confirmatory factor analyses are consistent with the presence of three independent factors (i.e., Uncaring, Callousness, and Unemotional) that relate to a higher-order callous-unemotional dimension. Also, CU traits overall showed associations with aggression, delinquency, and both psychophysiological and self-report indices of emotional reactivity. There were some important differences across the three facets of the ICU in their associations with these key external criteria.