论信息公开诉讼中行政机关的举证责任--涉及第三人权益的分析

若政府信息涉及到第三人权益,行政机关在行政诉讼中的举证责任有必要进一步厘清,这其中既涉及到第三人权益的认定、征求意见程序的履行,又涉及到第三人权益与公共利益的衡量。涉及第三人权益与侵害第三人权益意涵不同,应慎重借用信息公开条例以外的其他法律规范的相关概念。第三人的意见仅具有程序保障的意义,行政机关仍需在最终的决定中说明理由。行政机关还应就是否涉及公共利益、公共利益与第三人利益的衡量承担举证责任。     

The Optimization of Electrophoresis on a Glass Microfluidic Chip and its Application in Forensic Science

Microfluidic chips offer significant speed, cost, and sensitivity advantages, but numerous parameters must be optimized to provide microchip electrophoresis detection. Experiments were conducted to study the factors, including sieving matrices (the concentration and type), surface modification, analysis temperature, and electric field strengths, which all impact the effectiveness of microchip electrophoresis detection of DNA samples. Our results showed that the best resolution for ssDNA was observed using 4.5% w/v (7 M urea) lab‐fabricated LPA gel, dynamic wall coating of the microchannel, electrophoresis temperatures between 55 and 60°C, and electrical fields between 350 and 450 V/cm on the microchip‐based capillary electrophoresis (μCE) system. One base‐pair resolution could be achieved in the 19‐cm‐length microchannel. Furthermore, both 9947A standard genomic DNA and DNA extracted from blood spots were demonstrated to be successfully separated with well‐resolved DNA peaks in 8 min. Therefore, the microchip electrophoresis system demonstrated good potential for rapid forensic DNA analysis.     

警力优势规律在警务实战中的运用

警力不足和装备落后一直是困扰公安工作的一大难题,导致警察在处理各种警务活动时,造成不必要的损失和人员伤亡,使公安工作处于被动局面。应充分发挥"精警制胜"的原则,做到聚优散劣。     

TGF-β1对体外培养的奶牛乳腺上皮细胞CTGF mRNA表达的影响

为研究外源性TGF-β1对奶牛乳腺上皮细胞表达CTGF mRNA的影响,用组织块法体外培养和纯化出奶牛乳腺上皮细胞,并应用免疫组织化学的方法鉴定细胞的纯度。然后用不同浓度的外源性TGF-β1(0,1,5,10ng/mL)作用乳腺上皮细胞,作用12,24,48,72h后分别提取细胞的总RNA,以β-actin作为内参基因,用实时荧光定量RT-PCR方法测定CTGF mRNA相对表达量的变化,并对CTGF的PCR产物进行测序分析。结果显示,TGF-β1处理组(1,5,10ng/mL)较对照组(0ng/mL)差异显著(P<0.05);处理组CTGF mRNA的相对表达量显著升高,并呈正量效关系:随着TGF-β1浓度的升高,CTGF mRNA的相对表达量基本呈逐渐升高的趋势。测序分析结果证明扩增产物为牛的CTGF基因序列,表明外源性TGF-β1可显著促进奶牛乳腺上皮细胞CTGF mRNA的表达,进而在奶牛乳腺纤维化过程中发挥作用。     

鸭病毒性肝炎病毒RNA聚合酶在真核细胞中的表达及亚细胞定位

为研究鸭病毒性肝炎病毒RNA依赖性RNA聚合酶的分子生物学特性及其在细胞中的定位,构建了RNA依赖性RNA聚合酶与增强型绿色荧光蛋白融合表达的真核重组表达质粒;然后用脂质体介导转染MDCK细胞。分别使用荧光显微镜、激光共聚焦显微镜以及4,6-二脒基-2-苯基吲哚(DAPI)染色和蛋白免疫电泳试验等方法检测了RNA依赖性RNA聚合酶在细胞中的表达和亚细胞定位情况。结果表明,RNA依赖性RNA聚合酶能与增强型绿色荧光蛋白一起在MDCK细胞中良好表达,且主要分布于细胞核中,Western-blot分析结果显示,融合蛋白在80ku处出现阳性条带,说明表达的外源蛋白具有免疫活性。表明成功构建了RNA依赖性RNA聚合酶与增强型绿色荧光蛋白融合表达载体,并在真核细胞内实现了表达,通过检测荧光蛋白,发现RNA依赖性RNA聚合酶主要在细胞核中发挥复制酶的功能。     

特殊体质受害人的侵权法救济——兼评指导案例24号

指导案例在司法实践中是如何被"参照"的,体现了指导案例独特的约束力.指导案例24号的规则和域外的蛋壳脑袋规则在体系结构和内容上存在明显不同.以中国裁判文书网中的相关民事判决为样本,对其中参照和没有参照指导案例的判决加以比较,发现指导案例不仅在交通事故领域,在人身权侵权、医疗侵权等领域也有影响力.司法实践通过损害是否可以预见、区分体质和疾病、将特殊体质的作用归类为"诱因"等方式,拒绝在一些案件中参照指导案例.这种偏离指导案例时的正当化说理其实是案例区分技术的中国版本,其恰恰证明而非否定了指导案例的约束力.     

民法典编纂中的立法模式悖论--基于商法规范如何安排的视角

在民法典立法中,商事法律处于何种位置?这一问题解决的好坏将直接关系到民法典立法的成败,甚至影响中国法治进程、影响中国市场经济的发展.中国大陆民事立法模式既非民商分立也非民商合一,在民法典立法思路上坚持民商合一的模式,却选择民商分立模式下的民法典作为范本,在逻辑上存在悖论.民法典立法不是要适当增加商法规则,而是要根据商事活动的需要,实现民法与商法的体系化,这完全是因为商法规则的特殊性决定的.民法典应该具有开放性,以适应复杂多变的现实.     

血液中乙醇检验全自动体系的建立

目的建立血液中乙醇含量检验的自动化体系。方法采用自动化工作站提取-顶空气相色谱检验。在自动化工作站提取中,对负压采血、顶空瓶密封时间、取样针进行考察优化,并对自动取样和手工取样进行比较。结果乙醇的自动化工作站提取-顶空气相色谱检验的定量分析数据稳定,两份平行样品相对相差小于5%,优于手工提取。乙醇含量在0.1~3.0 mg/m L范围内线性关系良好(r≥0.999),重现性好。结论该方法具有操作简单快捷、实验流程更加规范、实验数据更加准确、消除人工操作误差、重现性好等特点,可广泛应用于血液中乙醇定性定量的检验鉴定。     

法医学研究中的伦理审查建设

法医学研究伦理审查既是法医学研究管理工作的内容,也是法医学研究的对象,本文针对法医学研究中的伦理审查问题,论述开展伦理审查的必要性,并对法医学研究伦理审查委员会建设指导原则进行探讨,呼吁开展伦理审查建设。     

IS ARTICLE 5.7 OF THE SPS AGREEMENT AN APPLICATION OF THE PRECAUTIONARY PRINCIPLE?

The “Precautionary principle” is regarded as the new buzz phrase in the discussion of risk regulation relating to the areas of environment and health. Article 5.7 of the WTO Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measure (SPS Agreement) uses a similar approach to the protection of human, animal and plant life, and health. It is important to pay close attention to some of the relationships concerning the precautionary principle and Article 5.7. Firstly, when a member decides to take sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) measures, they usually act from the perspective of prudence and precaution. In addition, the precautionary principle finds similar expression in Article 5.7. However, the precautionary principle has not been explicitly written in the SPS Agreement as a ground for justifying the SPS measures in situations that are inconsistent with the obligations set out in the Agreement. The case law shows that the Panel is very careful about the use of the language of precaution. The Appellate Body is reluctant to allow the precautionary principle to override the specific obligations in the Agreement. Whether Article 5.7 can be regarded as an application of the precautionary principle needs to be examined. Under the current discourse, however, this article finds that the precautionary principle cannot by any means be used as an interpretative tool for Article 5.7. Reliance on the precautionary principle to trigger Article 5.7 is supposed to be unsuccessful. As in situations where taking SPS measures threats the environment and health become irreversible, more attention should be paid to practical issues to ensure the necessity and efficacy of the measures.