燃油税改革若干问题研究

本文首先介绍中国道路交通规费征收现状。以此为背景,引出对国家2000年制定的交通和车辆税费改革实施方案的介绍。同时,结合费税改革方案,对取消所有地方交通规费,代之单一燃油税这种改革思路中可能存在的若干问题进行了分析。最后,对中国交通费税改革提出了应建立多税种道路使用者税收体系的发展思路。     

Priming Gender: Campaigning on Women's Issues in U.S. Senate Elections

The gender gap has been an important feature of American elections since 1980. Yet, most explanations for the effects of gender on voting behavior focus on differences between men and women without taking account of how campaign strategies may serve to highlight or mask these differences. I examine how Senate candidates act strategically in deciding whether and how to target women voters. I find that candidates make these decisions based largely on two factors: (1) the importance of these issues to the state's voters and (2) whether gender gaps had been decisive in previous statewide contests. Analysis of exit-poll data indicates that when campaigns focused more on women's issues, women became more likely to vote Democratic while the vote choices of men were unaffected. Thus, campaign strategies do appear to influence the importance of gender differences in voting behavior.     

Neither Seen Nor Heard: Children's Citizenship in Contemporary Democracies*

This article addresses the subject of children's citizenship in liberal democracies. While children may lack full capability to act in the capacity of citizens, the political status to which they have been relegated leaves much to be desired. Paternalist policies dictate that children be represented politically by their parents, leaving them as or more vulnerable and excluded from private life as women were under coverture. Lacking independent representation or a voice in politics, children and their interests often fail to be understood because the adults who do represent them conflate, or substitute, their own views for those of children. Compounding this damage is the tendency for democratic societies to view children not as an ever-present segment of the populace, but rather as future adults. This encourages disregard for children's interests. Until democratic societies establish a better-defined and comprehensive citizenship for children, along with methods for representation that are sensitive to the special political circumstances faced by children, young people will remain ill-governed and neglected by democratic politics.     

马来西亚伊斯兰教国理念、实践与政党政治

马来西亚是东南亚伊斯兰教国家之一,伊斯兰教国议题成为执政党巫统和反对党伊斯兰党争取马来选民支持、寻求政治合法性和打击对手的重要手段之一.华人政党也加入伊斯兰教国的争论,因为这关系到国家政体、民主、种族平等和多元宗教等大问题.在马来西亚政党架构、政党斗争、多元宗教和多元种族的特定条件下,伊斯兰教国议题成为近年马来西亚伊斯兰教政治化的集中体现.     

文化新诠

关于文化的概念,长期以来未能形成一个大体统一的认识。文化的主体是人,人只有掌握了知识才拥有文化,因此可将文化定义如下:文化是人类在语言、文字等符号系统的基础上所创造的全部知识体系及其在实践中的运用和它的物化结果,是受这些知识体系所指导而形成的价值体系、价值观念在人类行为中的体现,是在这些知识体系、价值体系基础上所形成的征服自然的生产工具体系和管理人类社会的制度工具体系。     

生物银行运作中的知识产权问题探析

全球范围内,日益增多的生物银行为生命科技研究和转化医学提供研究资源以及合作平台。以生物银行所存储的人类遗传材料和遗传数据进行研究时,由于涉及到人类遗传材料提供者、生物银行、研究资助者和研究者等多方主体,研究成果的知识产权保护范围、权利归属、利益分享等议题变得更加复杂。知识产权法律和政策关于上述议题的立场对于生物银行的建置与运作具有关键意义。生物银行自身亦应从制定知识产权管理规范、在材料转让协议或数据获取协议中对利益分享进行约定、推动人类遗传数据共享、探索"开源专利"模式等方面着手,在实践中探寻适宜的知识产权保护和利益分享机制。