Fresh Thinking on U.S. Engagement with Africa: Probing the Limits of Engagement

The Biden administration faces the opportunity to reset U.S. policy towards Africa and possesses a variety of tools to use in doing so, including traditional diplomacy, economic statecraft, development assistance, and military engagement. With the increased militarization of U.S. foreign policy over the past few decades, there is an unfortunate tendency to default to military engagement when confronted with even remote threats to U.S. national security interests, and Africa is no exception. With vital security interests in Africa, it can be argued that military engagement should be limited in its application and targeted to those situations that do not lend themselves to solution through traditional diplomacy or development assistance.     

大熊猫IgG Fc HRP酶标二抗的制备

为获得辣根过氧化物酶(HRP)标记的抗大熊猫Ig G抗体,本研究利用重组大肠杆菌表达技术对大熊猫Ig G Fc片段进行了表达,获得重组蛋白后进行了小鼠免疫,抗体特异性检测,并进行了多克隆抗体的HRP标记。结果显示,在37℃、IPTG浓度为0.5 mmol/L、诱导5 h的条件下,可获得分子质量约为88 ku的目的蛋白;将重组蛋白免疫小鼠后,免疫小鼠血清与重组蛋白反应效价可达1∶102400以上,且与大熊猫血清Ig G反应良好,经HRP标记试剂盒标记的鼠抗大熊猫Ig G效价可达1∶25600以上。上述结果表明,本研究成功制备了HRP标记的小鼠抗大熊猫Ig G二抗,为大熊猫疾病血清学检测方法的开发提供了支撑。     

The R and D contract and democratic theory

The purposes of this essay are to describe how federal research and development policy has altered authority relationships and to suggest a new concept of legitimacy in accord with the changed conditions. Research and development (R and D) creates an indeterminate future. Thus, the politics of research and development incorporates an apparent contradiction : political leadership demands that jobs be done which require creative and unpredictable actions on the part of private organizations, while it also demands that contractors be held responsible for fulfilling goals efficiently, avoiding deleterious secondary consequences, and refraining from abuses of power. The paradox can be resolved by creating norms of responsibility that allow for judgments on how a job is done rather than what is to be done. New institutions for technological assessment to check on unintended consequences of projects and citizen review boards to estimate the quality of life engendered by projects may provide such norms of responsibility.     

On economic values in policy analysis

Analyses of public policy are rooted in the economic theory of the private sector. How relevant is this approach to the public sector? Specifically, where the organization is generally viewed as a controlled variable it often exhibits the characteristics of an independent variable working to constrain the feasible solution space. An illustration of this phenomenon is discussed, using a state rehabilitation agency as the case in point. Conclusions of an analysis based mainly on maximizing the economic value of return on investment conflicted with the agency professional values of individualized client service. This external/internal value conflict led to the apparent inability of the agency to implement the study conclusions in the near term. The substance of this conflict is seen as the main problem facing many public administrators. Recognition of economic values as but one element of public agency analysis is suggested as an approach superior to sole concentration on maximization of the return on public investment. By taking a broader view, the analyst may be able to encourage more rapid implementation of his recommendations.