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361.
362.
This paper provides an analysis of the two channels of regional integration: integration via markets and integration via agreements. Given that East Asia and Latin America are two fertile regions where both forms of integrations have taken place, we examine the experiences of these two areas to illustrate our conclusions. There are three related results. First, East Asia has been integrating via the markets long before formal agreements have been in vogue in the region. Latin America, on the other hand, has primarily been using formal regional trade treaties as the main channel of integration. Second, despite the relative lack of formal regional trade treaties until recently, East Asia is more integrated among itself than Latin America. Third, from a purely economic and trade standpoint, the proper sequence of integrations seems to be first integrating via the markets and subsequently via formal regional trade agreements. One interpretation of the relative success of the East Asian approach is that regional trade agreements often serve multiple constituents. Integrating via markets first can be helpful because this can give a stronger political bargaining power to the outward-looking economic-oriented forces within the country. 相似文献
363.
Jason B. West Ph.D. ; Janet M. Hurley M.S. ; Francis Ö. Dudás Ph.D. ; James R. Ehleringer Ph.D. 《Journal of forensic sciences》2009,54(6):1261-1269
Abstract: Effectively addressing marijuana trade is aided by understanding marijuana geographic sources. We analyzed the 87 Sr/86 Sr of marijuana samples grown in 79 counties across the United States to determine if a primary geologic signal is retained in marijuana, which could therefore be useful for geographic sourcing. The marijuana results were compared with modeled bedrock 87 Sr/86 Sr values based on 87 Rb decay rates and a generalized geologic map of the U.S.A. A significant correlation was observed between marijuana 87 Sr/86 Sr and modeled bedrock 87 Sr/86 Sr. Although values clustered near the 1:1 relationship, there was a predominance of positive anomalies, perhaps attributable to carbonate bedrock. A small number of negative anomalies were also observed, which were generally associated with granitic bedrocks. These results suggest that strontium isotopes in marijuana record the geographic origins of marijuana, and that refinement of the base strontium map (or strontium isoscape) and improved understanding of other strontium sources would be productive. 相似文献
364.
Organ trafficking and trafficking in persons for the purpose of organ transplantation are recognized as significant international
problems. Yet these forms of trafficking are largely left out of international criminal law regimes and to some extent of
domestic criminal law regimes as well. Trafficking of organs or persons for their organs does not come within the jurisdiction
of the ICC, except in very special cases such as when conducted in a manner that conforms to the definitions of genocide or
crimes against humanity. Although the United States Code characterizes trafficking as “a transnational crime with national
implications,” (22 U.S.C. § 7101(b)(24) (2010)), trafficking is rarely prosecuted in domestic courts. It has thus functioned
in practice largely as what might be judged a “stateless” offense, out of the purview of both international and national courts.
Yet these forms of organ trafficking remain widespread—and devastating to those who are its victims. In this article, we begin
by describing what is known about the extent of organ trafficking and trafficking in persons for the purpose of removal of
organs. We then critically evaluate how and why such trafficking has remained largely unaddressed by both international and
domestic criminal law regimes. This state of affairs, we argue, presents a missed chance for developing the legitimacy of
international criminal law and an illustration of how far current international legal institutions remain from ideal justice. 相似文献
365.
366.
James Frank Francis T. Cullen John B. Cullen 《American Journal of Criminal Justice》1987,11(2):151-164
Through a 1979 survey of 89 Illinois judges, the present study attempts to assess how various social, political, and occupational
factors influence judicial attitudes toward criminal sanctioning. Specifically, our analysis examined the relative impact
of background characteristics (e.g. age, community context) versus occupational variables (e.g., years on the bench, former
prosecutor and/or defense attorney) on five sanctioning scales: rehabilitation, punishment, capital punishment, punishing
white-collar offenders, and the treatment of juvenile delinquents. The analysis revealed that political orientation was the
most important variable examined. Political ideology was found to be related to all but one of the sanctioning scales (punishing
white-collar offenders). In contrast, the social and occupational variables generally were not significantly related to judicial
attitudes on the purposes of sentencing. 相似文献
367.
368.
Agg KM Craddock AF Bos R Francis PS Lewis SW Barnett NW 《Journal of forensic sciences》2006,51(5):1080-1084
A rapid method for screening drug seizure samples for 3,6-diacetylmorphine (heroin), which consists of a simple hydrolysis procedure and flow-injection analysis with two chemiluminescence reagents, is described. Before hydrolysis, 3,6-diacetylmorphine evokes an intense response with a tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)ruthenium(III) reagent (prepared by dissolving the perchlorate salt in acetonitrile), and a relatively weak chemiluminescence response with a second reagent: potassium permanganate in an aqueous acidic polyphosphate solution. However, the permanganate reagent is extremely sensitive toward the hydrolysis products of 3,6-diacetylmorphine (i.e., 6-monoacetylmorphine and morphine). Some compounds commonly found in drug laboratories may cause false positives with tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)ruthenium(III), but do not produce the markedly increased response with the permanganate reagent after the hydrolysis procedure. The combination of these two tests therefore provides an effective presumptive test for the presence of 3,6-diacetylmorphine, which we have verified with 14 samples obtained from a forensic science laboratory. 相似文献
369.
Self-Control,Violent Offending,and Homicide Victimization: Assessing the General Theory of Crime 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Alex?R.?PiqueroEmail author John?MacDonald Adam?Dobrin Leah?E.?Daigle Francis?T.?Cullen 《Journal of Quantitative Criminology》2005,21(1):55-71
Criminologists have long recognized that offending and victimization share common ground. Using Gottfredson and Hirschis general theory of crime, with its emphasis on self-control as a theoretical backdrop, we examine the extent to which self-control is related to both violent offending and homicide victimization. To examine this issue, we use 5-year post-parole data on violent offending and homicide victimization from a sample of parolees from the California Youth Authority. Using rare-events logistic regression models, results indicate that self-control is related to each outcome, but that other risk factors are also uniquely related to each outcome. The implications of this study for theory and future research are addressed.To whom correspondence should be addressed: Department of Criminology, Law and Society, University of Florida, P.O. Box 115950, 201 Walker Hall, Gainesville, FL 32611-5950; Phone: +1-352-392-1025, ext. 213; E-mail: apiquero@ufl.edu 相似文献
370.
Francis D. Driscoll Ed.D W. C. Wolf Jr. Ph.D. 《The Journal of Technology Transfer》1989,14(3-4):54-59
Two aspects of efforts to disseminate an innovative computer-assisted instructional system called PLATO between 1972 and 1976 are addressed. The first pertains to the dissemination problems encountered and resolved by the system developers. The second covers dissemination modus operandi chosen by the developers to bring PLATO to the attention of large numbers of people. An ex post facto analysis of data obtained suggested PLATO developers made dissemination decisions that reflected viable dissemination theory and practice of the time, committed substantial resources to the dissemination process, and selected what appeared to be a cost-effective marketing strategy. Perhaps the most important consequence of these actions is that PLATO flourished throughout the 1970s and continues to flourish. 相似文献