Forensic psychiatry in China

This article reviews the legal basis for the development of forensic psychiatry in China, the organization of clinical assessments, and training of forensic psychiatrists. Regulations for the management of patients in Ankang hospitals and the role of forensic psychiatrists within the Criminal Justice system are described. The primary role of forensic psychiatrists is to provide expert opinions on competence to stand trial and criminal responsibility in criminal cases. They are increasingly involved in civil court proceedings and tribunals at the request of a range of official agencies. The clinical cases assessed by Chinese forensic psychiatrists are very similar to those of their counterparts in Western countries, but the organizational and legal framework for these assessments reflects a very different system that has evolved independently.     

Optimization and validation of CEDIA drugs of abuse immunoassay tests in serum on Hitachi 912

Due to sensitive limits of detection of chromatographic methods and low limit values regarding the screening of drugs under the terms of impairment in safe driving (§ 24a StVG, Street Traffic Law in Germany), preliminary immunoassay (IA) tests should be able to detect also low concentrations of legal and illegal drugs in serum in forensic cases. False-negatives should be avoided, the rate of false-positive samples should be low due to cost and time. An optimization of IA cutoff values and a validation of the assay is required for each laboratory. In a retrospective study results for serum samples containing amphetamine, methylenedioxy derivatives, cannabinoids, benzodiazepines, cocaine (metabolites), methadone and opiates obtained with CEDIA drugs of abuse reagents on a Hitachi 912 autoanalyzer were compared with quantitative results of chromatographic methods (gas or liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS or LC/MS)). Firstly sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values and overall misclassification rates were evaluated by contingency tables and compared to ROC-analyses and Youden-Indices. Secondly ideal cutoffs were statistically calculated on the basis of sensitivity and specificity as decisive statistical criteria with focus on a high sensitivity (low rates of false-negatives), i.e. using the Youden-Index. Immunoassay (IA) and confirmatory results were available for 3014 blood samples. Sensitivity was 90% or more for nearly all analytes: amphetamines (IA cutoff 9.5 ng/ml), methylenedioxy derivatives (IA cutoff 5.5 ng/ml), cannabinoids (IA cutoff 14.5 ng/ml), benzodiazepines (IA cutoff >0 ng/ml). Test of opiates showed a sensitivity of 86% for a IA cutoff value of >0 ng/ml. Values for specificity ranged between 33% (methadone, IA cutoff 10 ng/ml) and 90% (cocaine, IA cutoff 20 ng/ml). Lower cutoff values as recommended by ROC analyses were chosen for most tests to decrease the rate of false-negatives. Analyses enabled the definition of cutoff values with good values for sensitivity. Small rates of false-positives can be accepted in forensic cases.     

傅里叶显微红外光谱成像技术研究进展及其法医学应用

傅里叶显微红外光谱成像技术可收集微小物体的红外光谱信息,针对组织切片和细胞进行扫描,记录选择区域像素位点的红外光谱信息,并通过计算机软件构建出组织和细胞中光谱吸收峰的二维和三维光谱映射图像.由于红外光谱对生物大分子的敏感性,通过该技术可以有效分析组织和细胞的生化构成、分子分布、代谢变化.本文阐述了傅里叶显微红外光谱成像...     

台湾家事劳动者之运用状况及其劳动权益探讨

家事服务是一兼具老旧与新颖的行业,而台湾在面对高龄化社会的来临,从事家事劳务为主的劳动需求,历年来呈现持续增加的趋势。但雇用本国劳工从事家事劳动,一方面成本太高,二方面配合度不够,因此,外籍家事劳动者的引进遂成为解决上述问题的主要方法,但在外籍家庭帮佣与外籍看护工从1992年开放引进以来,却因劳动基准法并不适用于此等家事劳动者,亦未有家事服务法之制定,致使其相关劳动权益未获保障。本文主要针对台湾家事劳动者之运用状况、家事劳动者的劳动权益问题、家事劳动者权益促进之方向、家事劳动者相关法律规定、家事劳动者之管理促进、是否需要制定家事服务法等方面进行探讨,期能提升对家事劳动者劳动权益的重视。     

浅论劳务派遣用工的扩大化及相关问题

<劳动合同法>第六十六条规定:"劳务派遣一般在临时性、辅助性或者替代性的工作岗位上实施."从法律的规定的题中之义可以清晰揭示劳务派遣的本质属性,就是灵活性的用工形式、补充性的就业方式.但目前没有实施办法进一步细化何为"临时性、辅助性、替代性"的岗位规定.因此,大量的用工企业在使用劳务派遣时出现了扩大化、无序化的趋势.当...     

我国犯罪被害人国家补偿制度的立法理由

在当今刑事司法领域强化了对犯罪嫌疑人、被告人、罪犯的人权保障的同时,很多犯罪被害人却沦为一个被忽视的弱势群体。20世纪60年代以来犯罪被害人国家补偿制度在一些国家兴起,成为一个世界性趋势。我国的刑事司法制度在注重犯罪嫌疑人、被告人权利保障的同时,也理应关注犯罪被害人的权益保护。犯罪被害人国家补偿制度的缺位已经成为我国犯罪被害人权益保护制度乃至整个刑事司法制度的一块短板。我国建立犯罪被害人国家补偿制度具有坚实的法理基础,具有诸多现实意义,也具备了立法的可行性。     

差异化布点:激发高校共青团组织活力新机制

在多元化色彩显著的社会转型期,活力建设在具有高校育人功能的高校共青团组织建设中显得尤为重要.差异化布点是提升高校共青团组织活力的关键之一,其核心是把差异原则、互动原则及统筹原则统一起来,形成既为团员学生提供符合自身需要的平台,又体现共青团组织主导作用的活力.     

对强戒人员回归社会“无缝对接”的思考

解除强制隔离戒毒的人员返回社会后,常常面临社会不认可、家庭不接纳、工作无着落、生活无来源、交往无朋友的尴尬局面,不能顺利融入社会,由于自身素质较低及复杂的社会原因,外界的因素极易诱发他们复吸和重新违法犯罪,形成社会治安中新的不安全、不稳定因素。如何搞好强戒人员回归社会的＂无缝对接＂,最大限度地预防和减少复吸和重新违法犯罪率,具有重大的社会现实意义,     

有效提升公安民警使用武器技能的对策

警察使用武器打击犯罪是法律赋予的警察强制手段的最高层次。为了在警务实战中有效地使用这一强制手段,保护人民群众生命、财产和警察自身的安全,每个警察都应熟练掌握武器使用技能。而当前我国公安民警使用武器技能的现状却不容乐观,不少地方的民警是用而不练或练而不精,甚至不用也不练,这就给民警执法安全埋下了严重隐患,甚至因此发生流血、牺牲的个案。公安机关的各级领导应充分重视民警武器使用训练,教官应更新观念,提升执教水平,加强训练管理,认真严格施教,科学、有效地提升民警的武器使用技能,最大限度地减少民警伤亡。