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121.
Franz Xavier Barrios-Suvelza 《Local Government Studies》2013,39(6):841-865
In the framework of devolution, British scholars have inquired how to assess the constitutional position of the local government in the UK and its effect for improving or hindering autonomy and democracy at the local level. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the same topic from a more general and comparative perspective, combining conceptual tools of continental public law and political science. To do this the paper proposes to differentiate three concepts of territorial state configuration. These concepts are territorial structure, territorial texture, and vertical diffusion of state authority. This paper asserts that the confusion of these three dimensions has not only impaired an adequate assessment of the constitutional position of local governments, but that the structural dimension has been under-theorised, thus distorting measurements of subnational authority. Moreover, scholars have underestimated structural constraints upon changes in the local government position within the polity. Finally, an operationalisation of the new findings is offered by plotting selected countries in a Cartesian system comparing them from the perspective of territorial structure and vertical authority diffusion. 相似文献
122.
Research on framing effects has demonstrated how elites can influence public opinion by the way they present and interpret political issues. However, these findings overwhelmingly stem from experimental settings that differ from how issues are typically discussed in real-world political situations. This study takes framing research to more realistic contexts by exploiting a natural experiment to examine the neglected role of political parties in framing effects. Examining the effects on public opinion of a sudden shift in how a major political party frames a salient issue, I demonstrate that parties can be powerful in shaping the policy preferences among their supporters. Yet, even strong partisans do not follow the party line uncritically. Rather, they judge the party frame according to their own beliefs about the problems surrounding the issue. Thus, party elites face the challenge of developing frames that resonate with their voters' preexisting beliefs if they want to shape policy preferences, even among their otherwise most loyal supporters. These dynamics have important implications for understanding interactions between political elites and the public. 相似文献
123.
Andrew Franz 《Crime, Law and Social Change》2011,56(1):27-51
In the United States water pollution is a serious problem criminalized not only by the federal government, but by all states.
These laws vary greatly in content, but are widely disobeyed and universally under-enforced. Statutes, case law, histories
and journalism show “law in action” typologies of non-enforcement efficacious for analysis including: (1) jurisdiction issues
like federal pre-emption, inter-state compacts, and constitutional limitations; (2) legislative issues such as failure to
legislate, or legislating ineffectively; (3) agency issues, including administrative obstacles, delegation, power vacuums,
procedure, and “agency capture”; (4) policing issues like apathy, under-funding/training, jurisdictional confusion, and “following
the path of least resistance”; (5) prosecutorial issues, including isolation, intimidation, and ideological priority bias;
(6) trial and appellate court issues, including unclear culpability, erroneous holdings, bias, and lack of judicial independence;
and (7) citizen, victim, and defendant issues, including legal intellectual influence, environmentalist criminalization apathy,
industry lobbying, environmental justice, reporting failures, self-policing, ethics and flight. The conclusion is non-enforcement
in this area of criminal law shows that while federally there may exist a relatively consistent, content neutral enforcement
system, at the state level resistance to enforcement is seen across a number of fronts. Ultimately, states can be seens as
colonized frontiers servicing venture capitalism, consistent with a “race to the bottom.” 相似文献