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931.
David?De?CremerEmail author Daan?van?Knippenberg Marius?van?Dijke Arjan?E.?R.?Bos 《Social Justice Research》2004,17(4):407-419
An organizational field study examined the extent to which fair treatment influences organizational commitment was a function of employees levels of social self-esteem. Following recent research indicating that self-esteem acts as a moderator of procedural fairness effects, we suggested that to examine the relational assumption that self and procedures are related, one should assess the social dimension of self-esteem. In line with predictions, the results indeed showed that fair treatment (assessed by an interactional justice scale) positively influences affective commitment, but only when employees have low social self-esteem. These findings are discussed in light of research on relational models of justice and sociometer theory. 相似文献
932.
Mara?S.?ArugueteEmail author Robert?L.?Robinson 《American Journal of Criminal Justice》2004,28(2):201-213
This study examines attitudes toward sentencing guidelines and simulated sentencing practices among Missouri circuit court judges. In addition, the study investigates the efficacy of sentencing workshops by comparing judges who attended or did not attend workshops. All Missouri circuit court judges were mailed surveys and 97 judges responded. Results indicated that judges generally felt positive toward Missouri’s voluntary sentencing guidelines, but often failed to refer to the guidelines when sentencing sample cases. Attendance at a sentencing workshop was not associated with attitudes about Missouri sentencing guidelines or sentencing in simulated cases. Sentencing in simulated cases varied by nature of the crime and circuit type. Judges from metropolitan areas tended to sentence more leniently than judges from rural areas. In their written comments, many judges expressed fear about the possibility of mandatory guidelines. Results suggest that there is ambivalence among Missouri judges over the acceptance and use of sentencing guidelines. 相似文献
933.
I present a model of campaign spending and saving in repeated elections which yields empirical implications on the creation of war chests. As previous studies disagree whether war chests deter potential challengers from running against incumbents, I present an alternative model that intentionally excludes deterrence as a motivation and formalizes under what circumstances (if any) a war chest would be created for savings. The model predicts that an incumbent creates a war chest when she faces a weaker challenger, i.e. as precautionary savings for future elections. The model yields several other predictions of incumbent fund-raising, spending, and saving behavior. Using incumbents from 1982–1998 U.S. House elections, I find strong empirical support for the predictions of the model. 相似文献
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A growing concern exists that an increase in Latino urban violence is the result of social and economic inequality. One structured
form of inequality is segregation. Research indicates that many Latino communities have moderate to high levels of segregation.
Prior criminological research has revealed that segregation is a strong predictor of black violence. The present study extends
this line of research to the issue of Latino crime by examining the link between Latino segregation and Latino homicide victimization.
Two measures of segregation are employed in the current research: residential segregation and social isolation. Using census
data and mortality files, regression models indicate that while social isolation is a significant predictor of Latino homicide
victimization, residential segregation is not significantly related to Latino rates of homicide victimization.
An earlier version of this paper was presented at the annual meeting of the Southern Criminal Justice Association, Clearwater,
FL, 2001. 相似文献
936.
Kent?R.?KerleyEmail author Heith?Copes Andrew?L.?Hochstetler Anne?Carroll 《Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology》2002,17(1):52-64
Each year millions of Americans become victims of predatory crimes. The way victims respond to these attacks varies from complicance
with offenders' requests to physically challenging offenders. In some cases, the physical defense of self and property has
lethal consequences for the initial offender. While much is known about felony murder victims and typical homicide offenders,
little is known about individuals who fight back against predatory attack by using lethal violence. In this paper, we use
data from the Homicides in Chicago, 1965–1995 study to describe the characteristics of defensive homicide offenders and to
determine how they compare with felony murder victims and defensive homicide offenders. Our results indicate that defensive
homicide offenders are more similar to typical homicide offenders than felony murder victims, and are even more likely to
have violent criminal histories and to use firearms than typical homicide offenders. Our results challenge the common perception
that individuals who fight back against predatory attack are simply “law-abiding citizens.” We conclude the paper with a discussion
of the implications of our study for additional research and police practice.
Authors' Note: The authors thank editor Dennis Stevens and James Black for their helpful comments on earlier draft of the paper. 相似文献
937.
Kayser M Brauer S Willuweit S Schädlich H Batzer MA Zawacki J Prinz M Roewer L Stoneking M 《Journal of forensic sciences》2002,47(3):513-519
We describe here an online Y-chromosomal short tandem repeat haplotype reference database (YHRD) for U.S. populations, which represents 9-locus Y-STR haplotypes for 1705 African-Americans, European-Americans and Hispanics as of October 2001. This database is available online (http://www.ystr. org/usa/), free to access and was generated in order to supply the U.S. forensic DNA community with a valuable resource for frequencies of complete or incomplete 9-locus Y-STR haplotypes, as well as information about typing protocols and population genetic analyses. Pairwise R(ST)-statistics derived from the Y-STR haplotypes indicate no significant substructure among African-American populations from different regions of the U.S., nor (usually) among European-American and Hispanic populations. Thus, pooling of Y-STR haplotype data from regional populations within these three major groups is appropriate in order to obtain larger sample sizes. However, pooling of different major populations is generally not recommended due to statistically significant differences between African-American populations and all European-American/Hispanic populations, as well as between some European-American and Hispanic populations. 相似文献
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