全文获取类型
收费全文 | 8397篇 |
免费 | 259篇 |
专业分类
各国政治 | 482篇 |
工人农民 | 267篇 |
世界政治 | 621篇 |
外交国际关系 | 296篇 |
法律 | 5140篇 |
中国政治 | 47篇 |
政治理论 | 1726篇 |
综合类 | 77篇 |
出版年
2020年 | 108篇 |
2019年 | 134篇 |
2018年 | 188篇 |
2017年 | 195篇 |
2016年 | 192篇 |
2015年 | 128篇 |
2014年 | 141篇 |
2013年 | 918篇 |
2012年 | 179篇 |
2011年 | 215篇 |
2010年 | 186篇 |
2009年 | 188篇 |
2008年 | 207篇 |
2007年 | 205篇 |
2006年 | 221篇 |
2005年 | 205篇 |
2004年 | 195篇 |
2003年 | 214篇 |
2002年 | 192篇 |
2001年 | 276篇 |
2000年 | 222篇 |
1999年 | 206篇 |
1998年 | 112篇 |
1997年 | 105篇 |
1996年 | 87篇 |
1995年 | 87篇 |
1994年 | 86篇 |
1993年 | 92篇 |
1992年 | 143篇 |
1991年 | 180篇 |
1990年 | 164篇 |
1989年 | 180篇 |
1988年 | 164篇 |
1987年 | 173篇 |
1986年 | 171篇 |
1985年 | 172篇 |
1984年 | 155篇 |
1983年 | 152篇 |
1982年 | 111篇 |
1981年 | 112篇 |
1980年 | 100篇 |
1979年 | 112篇 |
1978年 | 96篇 |
1977年 | 73篇 |
1976年 | 72篇 |
1975年 | 69篇 |
1974年 | 79篇 |
1973年 | 77篇 |
1972年 | 64篇 |
1969年 | 67篇 |
排序方式: 共有8656条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
21.
Conclusion In 1984, after years of study and thorough debate, a bipartisan majority of the Congress enacted perhaps the most far-reaching reform of the federal criminal justice system in the history of the United States. The Sentencing Reform Act and the federal sentencing guidelines are now beginning to produce data indicating that the objectives of avoiding unwarranted disparity and invidious discrimination are being achieved.After an uncertain beginning, the guidelines are gaining acceptance by courts and criminal justice practitioners. As one appellate court observed in admonishing lower courts that the guidelines must be respected:We have embarked on a new course. Only time will tell whether the use of the guidelines will result in an improvement over the old system. But unless we follow the spirit and written directions of the guidelines, we will never know if they have been given a fair test. They at least deserve that.Indeed, the bold new approach to sentencing that is being followed today in federal courthouses throughout the United States deserves an opportunity to succeed, given its many beneficial features and the lofty goals toward which the reforms are directed. While ample work remains for the United States Sentencing Commission to monitor and improve the guidelines, indications at this still early date are that the experiment is succeeding.An earlier version of this paper was presented at the fifth conference of the Society for the Reform of Criminal Law, Parliament House, Edinburgh, Scotland, August 5–9, 1990. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the United States Sentencing Commission.B.A., Davidson College 1964; J.D., University of South Carolina School of Law 1967.B.A., Ohio State University 1974; M.S., Arizona State University 1980; M.A., University of California, Santa Barbara, 1983.B.S., Clemson University 1971; M.S., Clemson University 1975; J.D., University of South Carolina School of Law 1978. 相似文献
22.
Stephen O. A. Ouma 《公共行政管理与发展》1991,11(5):473-490
This paper argues that corruption is a product of self-aggrandizement; of unrealistically low remuneration which makes it impossible for public servants to live within their legitimate means; and of a closed political system which inevitably tends to exclude aggregated interests'. Corruption leads to loss of much needed revenue and human talent for development, distorts priorities for public policy, and shifts scarce resources away from the public interest. The mutual distrust that results among the different sections of society, and the growth of despondency in the general public, are incompatible with the requirements for successful public policy. The main theme running through the paper is that political instability, corruption and underdevelopment are mutually reinforcing. The paper finally outlines certain measures that need to be taken in order to clear the path for sustained growth and development. 相似文献
23.
Robert T. Nakamura Thomas W. Church Phillip J. Cooper 《Journal of policy analysis and management》1991,10(2):204-221
New York State experimented with replacing their litigation-oriented system for achieving toxic dump site cleanup with one promising to lower transaction costs through alternative dispute resolution. Our analysis of outcomes is informed by three generations of implementation work focusing on (1) the motivations and incentives shaping individual behavior, (2) the larger organizational and political factors associated with variation across cases, and (3) the generic properties of policy implements. This mosaic approach to explanation produces, we believe, a more lifelike picture of use to policy makers for understanding the dynamic and interrelated nature of their choices. 相似文献
24.
John W. Ellwood 《Journal of policy analysis and management》1991,10(3):426-433
The process is not the problem, the problem is the problem. Rudolph Penner (1984). …We argue the superiority of the outcome from the process, not of the process from the outcome. The constancy of the economist's objection to this conclusion when applied to governmental rather than market decisions simply often reflects the fact that, while some economists are not disturbed that consumer preferences lead to allocation policies other than best respond to their own tastes, when political preferences lead to governmental policies not consistent with his informed and considered preferences, they are tempted to attribute irrationality to government. 相似文献
25.
26.
The rare event of a corpse immersed in glacier ice becoming exposed on a glacier surface is closely connected with the glaciological conditions at the scene and the site of the accident. Provided that the time since death is known, certain questions relative to the circumstances of a mountain accident can only be answered by considering glaciological aspects. How the scene of an accident can be reconstructed by inference from the site of discovery is discussed by means of three exemplary cases that occurred on Tyrolean glaciers (Austria) during the past 40 years: (1) Two corpses were discovered close above the equilibrium line in the accumulation area after 25 years. The two victims had fallen down a rock face after the breaking off of a cornice and had come to rest in the uppermost part of the accumulation area. (2) A victim was discovered in the lower ablation area 8 years after falling down a crevasse in the middle part of the ablation area. (3) A female alpinist was discovered at the very end of the glacier after 29 years; it was concluded that the accident must have happened in the accumulation area. 相似文献
27.
Henk Elffers Jan W. de Keijser Peter J. van Koppen Laurien van Haeringen 《Journal of Experimental Criminology》2007,3(2):163-182
This article reports on a field experiment on the effect of media information on people’s attitudes towards the justice system.
For the duration of a year a Dutch local newspaper took small groups of readers, called ‘newspaper jurors’, to court sessions
of criminal cases and subsequently reported on their experiences and perceptions. Using a quasi-experimental design, we examined
whether an attitude change in the general reader population of this particular local newspaper occurred as a result of the
jury’s newspaper reports. Findings show that, after the treatment interval of 1 year, no attitude change in the general reader
population could be identified that was absent in the control group. 相似文献
28.
29.
North American research on the policing of ‘domestic violence’ has been very influential among policy makers in Great Britain.
In particular, research which purports to verify the deterrence value of arrest has prompted the establishment of over thirty
domestic violence units in London and similar initiatives elsewhere in Britain. The paper will outline the nature of the traditional
police response to ‘family violence’ in London and the nature of the experimental innovations. Changes in police practice
with regard to this type of violence will be put in the context of the organizational constraints and possibilities of policing.
Finally, changing police responses to domestic violence will be evaluated in terms of the debate over the possibility of using
the state or its organs to achieve social change. 相似文献
30.
K. Minakata O. Suzuki Y. Ishikawa H. Seno M. Asano 《Forensic Science International Supplement Series》1991,50(2)
A simple and sensitive method is described for quantitative analysis of chlorpromazine in blood, serum, urine and tissue homogenate. The chlorpromazine cation radical produced by adding perchloric acid and 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-p-benzoquinone to the sample can be detected by the ESR method at room temperature. The sensitivity limit is 10 ng, that is, 20 μl of the solution containing 0.5 μg chlorpromazine/ml. The time needed for the measurement is within 10 min. The chlorpromazine radical thus produced is very stable; for example, 95% of the radical was observed after 24 h. The advantage of this method is discussed by comparing with the ordinary spectrophotometry which requires the purification of the sample. 相似文献