Scientists’ perspectives concerning the effects of university patenting on the conduct of academic research in the life sciences

This paper explores scientists’ perspectives on the possible “unintended effects” of university patenting on the definition of academic research agendas, and the norms of open science. Based on a survey of life science researchers in Denmark, we found that a substantial proportion of scientists were skeptical about the impact of university patenting. The most skeptical respondents were scientists oriented towards basic research (particularly the less productive ones), recipients of research council grants, scientists with close relations to industry, and full professors. Highly productive scientists were less concerned. Our results have implications for understanding the ultimate success or failure of academic patenting policies, including how increased university patenting may be affecting how scientists conduct academic research.     

Lowering the cost of pollution control versus controlling pollution

Economists have long argued that the market-incentive approach to pollution control would achieve that control at least cost. The political rejection of the market-incentives approach and embrace of the far more costly command-and-control approach has been explained in terms of the tendency in the political process to favor the interests of organized groups over those of the unorganized public. But because of this tendency, it may be that a move to the market-based approach to pollution control would result in less pollution control and be less efficient than the existing command-and-control approach.

     

四君子汤可促进脾虚大鼠甲状腺激素对胸腺的作用

目的:探讨脾虚时胸腺-神经内分泌网络的改变,进一步明确四君子汤的作用机制。方法:成年SD大鼠32只随机分为4组:正常组(A组)、脾虚组(B组)、治疗组(C组)、自复组(D组),每组8只。测定各组大鼠血清甲状腺激素水平、胸腺细胞核T3受体(T3R)的含量、胸腺质量/体质量比值、血清胸腺因子浓度及其胸腺细胞白细胞介素-2(IL-2)的活性。结果:①B、D组大鼠血清甲状腺激素水平、胸腺细胞核T3R含量、胸腺质量/体质量比值、血清胸腺因子浓度及其胸腺细胞IL-2的活性均较A、C组为低,差异有显著性(P<0.05或P<0.01);②C组大鼠的上述指标与A组无显著性差异。结论:四君子汤可增加脾虚大鼠血清甲状腺激素水平,又可增加脾虚大鼠胸腺细胞上T3R的结合容量,从而增强甲状腺激素对胸腺的促进作用,促使胸腺上皮细胞合成和分泌血清胸腺因子、IL-2,加强机体的免疫功能,对脾虚大鼠起双重调节作用。     

刑事勘验、检查笔录的科学定义及分类

刑事勘验、检查笔录是刑事诉讼中的一类基础性的证据,学术界对其的系统研究偏弱, 而实践部门也对此存在诸多的疑惑。因此,加强对其定义、构成、分类等基本理论问题的研究是规范此类证据形式的重要基础。     

中美关系中的经济因素

中美关系从两国建交后的一波三折逐渐演变成今天比较正常的国家关系,除了中国在两国关系的改善和发展上做出重要努力外,双方强劲的经贸合作带来的双赢也起到到了极其重要的作用。随着中国经济实力的提升,经济因素在中美关系中的分量和影响还将进一步增强。     

基层法治政府建设之管见

基层政府是政府法治建设的关键所在。当前,讲人治、靠权治、被商治成为基层法治政府建设的桎梏。需要着力从科学民主决策、公开透明行政、严格公正执法三个方面推进基层法治政府建设。     

社会秩序的生成问题论析

社会秩序是社会存在和发展的基础，要形成良好的社会秩序就必须对社会秩序的产生进行合理考察，实践过程中的社会规范的形式化、规范化、制度化过程就是社会秩序生成的内在本质。