林业项目差别财政扶持制度设计研究

林业是一个具有典型外部经济的行业,兼具生态、经济和社会功能。从改善生态环境、推动经济发展、促进社会进步的角度看,当代中国林业是一个需要重点发展的行业。而林业建设与公共财政有密不可分的联系,政府需要对林业给予大力支持。林业项目需要补偿的是其巨大的社会和生态效益,在建立科学的评价体系、定量界定林业的生态和社会效益的基础上,国家可以根据不同林业项目的生态和社会效益指标,实施公平的差别扶持制度。而差别补贴、差别税率、差别信贷和贴息政策、绿色证书制度的设计都是建立林业财政差别扶持制度的必然选择。     

中美地方政府治理结构比较

本文以中美地方政府治理结构比较为主题,从种类结构、层级结构、组织结构、职能结构、决策结构等方面对中美地方政府治理结构进行比较分析。分析得出,美国地方政府治理结构具有地方政府种类结构相对简单化、层级结构扁平化、组织结构灵活多样化、职能结构非同构化、决策结构多中心化等特征;中国地方政府治理结构具有地方政府种类结构相对复杂化、层级结构金字塔化、组织结构单一化、职能结构同构化、决策结构单中心化等特征。     

基于目标模式的政府采购治理工具运用

政府采购制度现存的诸多突出问题,已经影响了政府采购的高效运行及其宏观调控作用的发挥,特别是政府采购领域中存在的各种寻租行为,更是在很大程度上影响了社会公众对政府采购的信任度,降低了政府的形象,因此迫切需要对政府采购进行认真治理。为此,需要认真分析环境变化对政府采购治理目标模式的影响,并选择现代治理工具,对政府采购进行有效地治理。本文深入分析了现阶段我国政府采购治理的宏观环境,明确适合我国国情的政府采购治理目标模式,并对政府采购治理的三大工具及其运用进行了初步探索。     

基于风险控制的职业健康和安全管制权力配置研究

职业健康和安全管制本质上属于社会性管制的范畴,其管制过程受到经济市场个体理性与政治市场制度选择的双重影响,这两个要素之间也存在着相互影响、相互制约的关系。权力配置作为外生性制度环境的要素基础,对内生性的经济市场理性具有调节作用,并决定着管制风险的发生概率和管制均衡的实现程度。论文从风险控制与效率优化的角度分析了职业健康和安全管制权力配置的边界、形态及其对权力协作、管制均衡所产生的影响。论文以此为分析框架,分析了不同时期中国职业健康和安全管制的权力配置形态、效率状况及风险控制等问题。论文认为,中国职业健康和安全管制的权力配置应实现由多元分散式协调管理模式向一元单向式综合管理模式的转变。     

The Role of Competition in Best Value: How Far Does it Differ from CCT?

This article investigates the role of ‘competition’ within Best Value (BV) and compares it with that of Compulsory Competitive Tendering (CCT). Utilising results of a survey of BV lead officers, the article reveals that ‘competition’ is not being used as widely as may have been expected. However, in terms of outcomes, services subject to BV seem to be at least as likely to be provided externally as would have been the case under CCT. Further analysis also considers the impact that party political control and service type have on the use and outcomes of competition.     

Wordsworth and the old men

In the 1830s the poet William Wordsworth bought government annuities on the lives of old men from the Lake District and elsewhere. This episode is recounted for the light which it throws on the history of the government's life annuity business in the early nineteenth century. An account of this business is given, and an explanation offered for the fact that the government suffered heavy losses at the hands of life assurance companies and other speculators, including Wordsworth and the banker friend who led him into the investment. Wordsworth's financial dealings are also considered from the perspective of a literary historian, for the insights which they afford into Wordsworth's understanding of a poet's public and private responsibilities.     

Analysis of condom lubricants for forensic casework

The detection of DNA is inhibited in cases of sexual assault involving condom use. Trace evidence, including condom lubricant residues, provides crucial associative evidence in such cases. The existing Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) methods for lubricant analysis and detection are limited with regard to sensitivity and discrimination. The aim of this research was to establish a new method as an alternative to FTIR for the analysis of condom lubricant residues. Pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (PyGC-MS) and GC-MS are highly sensitive methods of analysis for a wide range of chemical substances. PyGC-MS and GC-MS were used to analyze condom lubricants in standard solution, from clean swabs and from postcoital swabs. Pyrolysis of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) lubricant forms cyclic products known as cyclic dimethyl siloxanes (DMS), which are separated and detected by the GC-MS. The polyethylene glycol (PEG) lubricant can be analyzed by GC-MS directly from solution. The methods of extraction and analysis presented in this paper were shown to be significantly more sensitive than FTIR for the analysis of PDMS and PEG condom lubricants. PDMS was detected as low as 1 mug in standard solution and from clean swabs using the PyGC-MS method. PEG was detected as low as 0.5 microg from standard solution and 50 mug from clean swabs using the GC-MS method. Unfortunately, we were unable to provide further discrimination between condom brands and subbrands. The methods established throughout the research were used successfully to detect condom lubricants from donated postcoital swabs. Lubricants were detected in abundance on swabs 12 h postcoitus. Recommendations are made regarding implementation of new methods for routine analysis of casework samples along with strict pyrolysis interpretation criteria to minimize the possibility of misinterpretation of false positives.     

本质的还是建构的?——论性倾向平等保护中的“不可改变”进路

性倾向和性别、种族一样,属于因出生而获得的"不可改变"特征,所以应该得到严格审查,得到宪法的平等保护。这一进路遭到了批评,因为关键问题在于政府立法和性倾向之间是否具有关联性。自然科学关于同性恋生物基础的研究对"不可改变"提供了强有力的支持,而这种本质主义的研究遭到了社会建构主义者强有力的批判,身份政治中的这一争论提醒我们,从"我也无能为力"的诉求中,同性恋权利不能获得真正的力量。     

论绑架罪的修正构成的解释与适用——兼评修正案对绑架罪的修改

刚刚通过的《中华人民共和国刑法修正案(七)》对于绑架罪进行了部分修正,增设了"情节较轻"的减轻构成规定,这虽然具有重要的意义,但是这一减轻构成的评价、理解与适用本身仍是问题。在对绑架罪的减轻构成从规定方式到下限选择作了评述之后,文章继而讨论了对于"情节较轻"的具体理解问题,特别指出在规定了绑架罪"情节较轻"的构成之后要避免的几种错误倾向。同时,修正案对于绑架罪的加重构成未作任何修改,这十分令人遗憾,而本着严格限制死刑适用的初衷,必须对于现有的加重构成进行严格的限制解释。总体而言,修正案对于绑架罪的修改虽有进步但不彻底,可谓是"半截子的革命"。     

On the Membership of Decision-Making Committees

The decision of a committee is determined jointly by the votingprocess it adopts and the composition of its membership. The paper analyses the process through which committee members emerge from the eligiblepopulation and traces the consequences of this for the decisions ofthe committee. It is shown that the equilibrium committee will becomposed of representatives from the extremes of the tastedistribution. These extremes balance each other and the committeereaches a moderate decision. However, this mutual negation by theextremes is a socially wasteful use of time. Data from the UK Houseof Lords is used to illustrate these results.