补强证据的论证可视化工具

Artificial intelligence and argumentation studies have recently developed new tools for argument visu-alization that are useful for analyzing the structure of different kinds of reasoning about evidence in law.This paper studies how three such     

Implications of the Human Rights Act (1998) for schools

The Human Rights Act 1998 finally came into operation on 2 October 2000 for all jurisdictions of the United Kingdom. The Act, which incorporates the European Convention on Human Rights into the UKs domestic laws, means that it will be unlawful for public authorities, which includes the DfEE and LEAs, to act in a way which is incompatible with the fundamental human rights set out in the Convention (found in Schedule 1 to the HRA). Bodies such as schools and their governing bodies, whose functions are of a public nature, are also covered by the legislation. The articles of the Act which have a particular relevance for schools and education are identified. It is probable that pupils and their legal advisers will invoke the Act in disputes over a wide range of educational issues, for example, bullying, exclusions and suspensions. Some of these issues are examined and where possible existing European human rights case law is cited. It is likely that the HRA will create interesting legal challenges involving schools and education, some of which cannot be anticipated at the moment, and that the Act will cause changes to education laws and schools regulatory procedures .     

Amazonian peasant livelihood differentiation as mutuality-market dialectics

ABSTRACT

Economistic approaches to the study of peasant livelihoods have considerable academic and policy influence, yet, we argue, perpetuate a partial misunderstanding – often reducing peasant livelihood to the management of capital assets by rational actors. In this paper, we propose to revitalize the original heterodox spirit of the sustainable livelihoods framework by drawing on Stephen Gudeman’s work on the dialectic between use values and mutuality on the one hand, and exchange values and the market on the other. We use this approach to examine how historically divergent mutuality-market dialectics in different Amazonian regions have shaped greater prominence of either extractivism or agriculture in current livelihoods. We conclude that an approach centered on the mutuality-market dialectic is of considerable utility in revealing the role of economic histories in shaping differential peasant livelihoods in tropical forests. More generally, it has considerable potential to contribute to a much-needed re-pluralization of approaches to livelihood in academia and policy.     

论基本权利作为法律行为无效的判断标准——最高法院1988年“工伤概不负责”案《批复》之检讨

宪法基本权利确立了一套客观价值秩序,既适用于国家与人民,也拘束私法关系,是法律行为效力的判断标准之一。由于宪法时下还不能作为判断法律行为无效的直接依据,应当将侵害基本权利的法律行为无效事由认定为违背公序良俗。违反法律与违背公序良俗都是法律行为无效的判断事由,基本权利透过公序良俗即可单独否定法律行为效力。最高法院1988年工伤概不负责案的《批复》将基本权利既视为法律又视为公序良俗,以此否定法律行为效力,在方法上欠为妥当,应予检讨。     

美国亚太战略中的地缘政治考量

美国作为具有深厚地缘政治思想传统的大国,其亚太战略无论是宏观的指导思想还是微观的具体政策,都无法隐匿其中的地缘政治考量。当前,美国深受＂亚洲两大全球性强国的崛起＂这一重大地缘政治事态的影响,结果使亚太地区成为它实现和维持其世界领导地位的关键地区。据此,美国全方位加大对亚太地区的战略投入,其防范和针对中国的一面更加明显。     

遵约与国际制度的有效性:情投意合还是一厢情愿

20世纪90年代,国际关系学与国际法学开始走上了相互借鉴、学习的道路。国际关系学者和法学研究者在遵约研究方面具有共同的议程,遵约研究已经成为国际关系理论的重要方面。遵约被国际关系学界用来衡量制度的因果影响,具有一定的客观性。但是,遵约与国际制度有效性之间并不具有必然的联系,遵约是对制度因果关系的误读。此外,认识论、方法论上及分析层次、内生性问题上也对遵约研究提出了挑战。遵约研究对制度有效性的启示在于:应该慎重选择衡量结果的指标,从而准确评估制度对国家政策和行为的因果影响。     

我国近年来反腐败问题研究综述

本文从腐败本质问题界定、腐败行为特征及其成因、腐败测度、反腐败策略四个方面,对我国反腐败问题进行了文献综述。本文提出,腐败是滥用公共权力谋取特殊权利的一切行为。当前我国腐败行为呈现出绝对权力腐败猖獗、从滥用公共权力向滥用公共资源转变、腐败手段更加复杂和隐蔽、灰色腐败倾向明显等新特征。滥用权力的欲望、官员的经济理性、公共权力寻租、行政监督缺位、行政道德失范是腐败产生的主要原因。中国应创新腐败测度方法,科学测度腐败程度,推进反腐国际化。客观权衡腐败零容忍、全面反腐、权力反腐的利弊,综合使用经济处罚、道德教育与法律惩处手段,加强对腐败行为的行政监督。     

The building of the democratic tradition in South Africa's trade unions after 1973

This article traces the emergence of the democratic union tradition in the trade union movement that emerged in the wake of the 1973 strikes in South Africa. Contrary to the conventional wisdom that attributes the emergence of this tradition solely to a generation of young white union activists and labour-supporting intellectuals, the article argues that this tradition owes its origins to a multiplicity of sources. The article emphasises the social character of trade unions and how they bear the imprint of the historical and cultural heritage and social experiences of their members and leading activists. Thus the article challenges the notion that a social group enters into new associational forms as a tabula rasa. Instead, it claims that the building of the democratic union tradition in South Africa is not just an outcome of intellectual influences but significantly was shaped by the workers' ‘lived experiences’.     

论公共管理者的角色转换:诉求与发展

公共管理者的角色转换源于治理变革的实践推动。为了适应服务型政府建设的诉求,公共管理者必须以服务价值为引导进行角色转换,不断增强服务的角色意识,实现公共管理者的自我发展。